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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
U.S. 2007 – 2012 Pork Industry
Productivity Analysis
C. E. Abell1, C. Hostetler2, and K. J. Stalder1
1Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3150 and
National Pork Board, Des Moines, IA 50325
2013 Pork Academy
Des Moines, IA
June 5 & 6 , 2013
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Data Description
Production data obtained from a large U.S.
data record keeping organization
Agreement with the National Pork Board to share limited
information.
Uses:
1. Quantify the annual production levels and variation
associated for several key productivity indicators
2. Establish industry benchmarks for all swine production
phases
Breeding herd
Nursery
Wean – to – finish
Conventional finishing
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Data Description
Production data obtained from a large U.S.
data record keeping organization
Agreement with the National Pork Board to share limited
information.
Uses:
3. Quantify seasonal affects associated with the key productivity
indicators
4. Identify research opportunities that would improve the U.S.
pork industry production efficiency
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Data description
Statistical process
Industry Trends
Raw means and standard deviations were used
Seasonality evaluation
Linear model was used
Fixed effects
Company
Month
Year
Covariates – for nursery, grow-finish, and wean-to-finish
Start age
Start days
Days in facility
Covariates – Sow farm
Weaning age
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Data description cont’
Data (records) reported monthly for each
production phase
Nursery and finishing data –
Monthly averages are based on animals exiting the facility that
month
Sow farm data –
Monthly averages are based on litters weaned in that month
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Table 1. Number of companies and farms used in analysis for each facility type by year.a
Year Conventional Finisher Wean-to-Finish Nursery Sow
2007 Companies 29 17 29 31
Farms 849 251 398 507
2008 Companies 46 23 41 39
Farms 1339 385 719 708
2009 Companies 49 20 41 40
Farms 1376 334 679 683
2010 Companies 43 19 36 33
Farms 1350 527 571 526
2011 Companies 44 21 35 33
Farms 1382 775 594 564
2012 Companies 50 28 45 40
Farms 1744 830 796 766
aMore than one farm can be managed by the same company. A farm represents a single production site.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Company / farm summary
Increase in the number of companies and
farms represented
Tremendous increase in the data volume evaluated
Results in improved information and interpretations that
can be made
Companies becoming much more data driven
in their decision making process
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Company / farm summary
Grow-finish and wean-to-finish becoming farms
becoming more like their sow farm counterparts
Farm level decisions much more data driven
Continue greater use of data when guiding
company decision process regarding:
Employee
Financial
Health
Nutritional
Genetic
Some combination
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Benchmarking - What is it?
Definition of benchmark:
a standard of excellence, achievement, etc., against which similar
things must be measured or judged
(Dictionary.com)
Definition of benchmarking:
the process of using benchmarks to identify areas for
improvement, strategies to achieve improvement and
implementation of those processes
(Common Industry)
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Why do we do it?
Compare with other businessesWithin species
Across species
Compare herd performanceWithin company
Within country
Etc.
Set goals for improving herdFor a specific trait or several traits
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Overall Averages
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Key productivity indicators
Sow farm KPIs
Pigs/mated sow/ year
Litters/mated sow/year
Total born
Still born and mummies
Number born alive
Number weaned
Pre-weaning mortality %
Weaning weight
Weaning age
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Key productivity indicators cont’
Nursery KPIs
Nursery mortality %
Nursery out weight
Days in nursery
Nursery feed conversion
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Key productivity indicators cont’
Conventional finishers and wean-to-finish
facilities KPIs
Finisher (wean-to-finish) mortality %
Finishing weight
Days in finisher (wean-to-finish)
Finisher feed conversion (wean-to-finish)
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Key Productivity Indicator Averages
Means and standard deviations across all
farms and operations.
Sow, nursery, wean-to-finish, and conventional grow-
finish data
Developed to examine yearly trends across the
U.S. Swine industry.
Operations can compare one or a number of
KPIs to see if they are above or below average
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Table 2. Conventional finisher average (±standard deviation) productivity from 2007 to 2012a
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Percent
Mortality 6.98 (±5.61) 6.29 (±4.60) 5.12 (±3.44) 4.70 (±3.05) 4.48 (±2.49) 5.03 (±3.30)
Finishing
Weight (lbs) 260.1 (±17.0) 261.2 (±16.1) 265.0 (±14.9) 268.7 (±13.4) 271.5 (±12.8) 269.2 (±14.1)
Days in Finisher 124.2 (±11.0) 125.7 (±11.0) 124.3 (±11.4) 124.6 (±10.3) 122.7 (±9.7) 121.5 (±10.8)
Average Daily
Gain (lbs) 1.71 (±0.16) 1.69 (±0.16) 1.75 (±0.15) 1.76 (±0.14) 1.81 (±0.14) 1.81 (±0.15)
Feed
Conversionb
2.75 (±0.26) 2.82 (0.32) 2.76 (±0.27) 2.77 (±0.25) 2.71 (±0.24) 2.68 (±0.23)
aAll farms were given equal weighting.
bFeed conversion is defined as feed to gain.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Table 3. Wean-to-finish average (±standard deviation) productivity from 2007 to 2012a
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Percent
Mortality 8.25 (±4.64) 7.92 (±4.91) 7.61 (±4.79) 6.30 (±3.55) 6.33 (±3.96) 6.39 (±4.79)
Finishing
Weight (lbs) 262.2 (±12.5) 261.7 (±12.5) 264.2 (±11.0) 270.5 (±13.5) 273.6 (±12.8) 270.1 (±12.9)
Days in Finisher 161.5 (±10.8) 162.5 (±11.4) 164.2 (±10.7) 167.9 (±10.3) 166.4 (±9.0) 164.3 (±9.9)
Average Daily
Gain (lbs) 1.55 (±0.12) 1.54 (±0.13) 1.54 (±0.11) 1.54 (±0.11) 1.57 (±0.10) 1.57 (±0.11)
Feed
Conversionb
2.52 (±0.17) 2.51 (±0.17) 2.54 (±0.18) 2.52 (±0.20) 2.50 (±0.20) 2.50 (±0.18)
aAll farms were given equal weighting.
bFeed conversion is defined as feed to gain.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Table 4. Nursery average (±standard deviation) productivity from 2007 to 2012a
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Percent
Mortality 4.42 (±4.12) 5.82 (±5.71) 4.68 (±4.41) 4.12 (±3.62) 4.32 (±4.32) 3.80 (±3.01)
Exit
Weight 48.0 (±7.5) 49.0 (±9.2) 49.4 (±8.4) 50.7 (±9.1) 50.3 (±9.3) 50.7 (±8.4)
Days in Nursery 47.1 (±5.0) 47.4 (±6.8) 46.2 (±5.4) 46.2 (±5.5) 46.0 (±6.1) 46.0 (±5.1)
Average Daily
Gain (lbs) 0.76 (±0.12) 0.78 (±0.14) 0.80 (±0.13) 0.82 (±0.14) 0.81 (±0.14) 0.82 (±0.13)
Feed
Conversionb
1.51 (±0.23) 1.54 (±0.30) 1.53 (±0.29) 1.52 (±0.28) 1.53 (±0.25) 1.48 (±0.19)
aAll farms were given equal weighting.
bFeed conversion is defined as feed to gain.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Table 5. Sow farm average (±standard deviation) productivity from 2007 to 2012a
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Pigs/Mated
Sow/Year 22.6 (±2.8) 22.8 (±2.9) 23.2 (±3.0) 23.5 (±2.7) 24.1 (±3.1)
23.9 (±2.8)
Litters/Mated
Sow/Year 2.36 (±0.22) 2.35 (±0.23) 2.34 (±0.21) 2.33 (±0.20) 2.33 (±0.22) 2.31 (±0.22)
Total Born 12.3 (±0.9) 12.5 (±0.9) 12.8 (±0.9) 13.0 (±1.0) 13.4 (±1.1) 13.4 (±1.0)
Stillborn and
Mummies 1.19 (±0.42) 1.23 (±0.49) 1.20 (±0.46) 1.22 (±0.48) 1.24 (±0.49) 1.17 (±0.46)
Number Born
Alive 11.1 (±0.8) 11.3 (±0.8) 11.6 (±0.9) 11.8 (±0.9) 12.1 (±1.0) 12.3 (±0.9)
Number Weaned 9.5 (±0.7) 9.7 (±0.7) 9.9 (±0.8) 10.0 (±0.7) 10.2 (±0.7) 10.3 (±0.7)
Pre-weaning
Mortality % 14.2 (±5.6) 14.2 (±5.5) 14.5 (±5.6) 14.6 (±5.8) 15.5 (±5.9) 15.5 (±5.7)
Weaning Weight
(lbs) 12.3 (±1.3) 12.4 (±1.3) 12.8 (±1.5) 13.0 (±1.4) 13.1 (±1.4) 13.2 (±1.6)
Weaning Age
(d) 19.5 (±1.7) 19.7 (±1.8) 20.5 (±2.0) 20.8 (±2.1) 20.9 (±2.5) 21.5 (±2.8)
aAll farms were given equal weighting.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Overall data summary
Finishing mortality has declined over time
while market weight has continued to increase
Improving mortality by 2% for a 1000 hd. finishing
facility would be equivalent to adding $3,240 each barn
turn assuming 270 lb. market hog and $60/cwt.
Days in the finisher have remained relatively
constant over time
Average daily gain has increased slightly over time
Feed conversion has improved slightly across
both finishing facility types
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Overall data summary cont’
Nursery performance has change little across
the reporting time period
Pigs/mated sow/ year has increased by almost
2 pigs from 2007 to 2012.
Litters/mated sow/year has changed little
during the time period
Most of the improvement in PSY is a result of improved
litter size
Some of the PSY increase is greater stillborns and
mummies
Number weaned has increased by 0.8 pigs
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Overall data summary cont’
Percent pre-weaning mortality has increased.
Represents lost opportunity
Easy to improve??
Weaning age has increased by 2 days from
2007 to 2012.
Weaning weight has increased by 1 lb.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Plots of Averages
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Description of figures
Figures 1 -24 graphically depict the change for
the top 25%, overall, and bottom 25% for each
KPI for the 2007 to 2012 time period.
Top 25% represented by red lines
Overall average represented by black lines
Bottom 25% represented by blue lines
More easily view the rate of change for each
KPI across the 2007 to 2012 time period
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Figure summary
KPIs are changing at the same direction for all
three groups
Each group slope or rate of change may slightly differ
Examples:
1. Litter size averages have increased at almost the same
rate across the top 25%, overall average, and bottom
25%.
Litter size limit not reached yet for any group
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Figure summary cont’
Examples:
2. Percent finisher mortality variation among the 3 groups
has changed substantially across the 2007 to 2012 time
period for the three groups.
Result from increased importance or focus placed on reducing
mortality by owners, barn managers, and barn workers
New vaccines
Better herd health status
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Seasonality Estimates
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Seasonality graph description
Least squares means were used to obtain the
month estimates using the model previously
described.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Seasonality graph
Graphs clearly show the months when
decreased performance occurs for each KPI
Decreased performance represents substantial
productivity and economic losses for the US
swine industry
Identifying causes and methods to mitigate
seasonality effects on the KPIs would have a
large economic impact on the entire swine
industry.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Seasonality graph cont’
In general lowest finishing performance was
seen during the summer months
Sow farms had the lowest production during
winter months (sows experience hot weather
and then express the effects during the winter
months).
Except for nursery mortality, seasonality has
less impact on nursery performance relative to
other production phases.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Summary
The US swine industry has been successful at
improving production efficiency
Some traits (mortality) still represent future opportunities
Increasing the pounds of pork produced in a given
period of time and reduced finishing mortality has
improved finishing throughput.
Combining improved litter size and pounds of pork
produced, the throughput of the US swine industry has
increased as a whole.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Summary
Key productivity indicator trait improvements may be
the result of –
Better genetics
Improved health
Superior management
Other
The results from this analysis can be used to
determine when management practices need to be
improved and/or maintained to ensure optimal
performance level for each swine production phase.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYDepartment of Animal Science
Thank you for your time and
attention !
Do you have any questions or
comments?