Michael Young, Associate Director Susan Hovorka, PI Bureau of Economic Geology Jackson School of Geosciences The University of Texas at Austin

International MVA/MMV Workshop Mobile , AL, May 16-17, 2012

Gulf Coast Carbon Center (GCCC)

Scott Tinker Michael Young Sue Hovorka Tip Meckel J. P. Nicot

Rebecca Smyth Ramon Trevino

Sigrid Clift Katherine Romanak

Seyyed Hosseini Changbing Yang Vanessa Nunez

Dave Carr Brad Wolaver

Alex Sun Jiemin Lu

Jong Won Choi Ian Duncan Carey King

Mehdi Zeidouni students and others

LNL LBNL LLNL ORNL SNL Mississippi State U U of Mississippi SECARB UT-PGE UT Chem-E CFSES- BES UT- CIEEP UT- DoGS UT- LBJ school BEG- CEE JSG – EER Univ. Edinburgh Univ. Durham RITE CO2-CRC AWWA

Collaborators IA sponsors

China Petroleum Co. Taiwan

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Cranfield Geologic Setting Natchez Mississippi

Mississippi River

Illustration by Tip Meckel

Oil and gas field Discovery 1943 Depth 3000 m 15 m thick lower Tuscaloosa Fm. Heterogeneous fluvial sandstones Pipeline CO2 from Jackson Dome @ 1 Million metric tones/year

Mississippi

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Cranfield Monitoring Layout

8

Phase II

Pipeline head& Separation facility

5km

GIS base Tip Meckel

Psite EGL-7

Detail Area Study DAS

Injector

Producer (monitoring point)

Observation Well

4-D seismic

RITE Microseismic

Real-time monitoring – BHP, BHT, AZMI, DST

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Mill

ion

met

ric

tons

CO

2

Baseline 3-D

Repeat 3-D VSP Cross well

Baseline VSP Cross well

Start DAS injection

Start Phase 3 injection

Start Phase 2 injection

Geochemical monitoring

1 million ton/year rate

Surface monitoring

Logging

5

4

3

2

1

0

Cranfield Project Status

RCSP program goal: Evaluate protocols to demonstrate that it is probable that 99% of

CO2 is retained •! 3,#6%*,*&,(($J(2,$-$20&(7=71,6(K,--(<*.,#71$$.("#0$#(1$(1,71Q((

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10

In-zone and AZMI pressure monitoring

AZMI

INJECTION INTERVAL

CONFINING SYSTEM

Tip Meckel

Continuous field data from dedicated monitoring well •! Large perturbations obvious •! Even small perturbations observable (100’s tons/day flux from 1 km) •! Fault observed to be sealing

Meckel et al., in review

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4460 psi

Tip Meckel AZMI gauge depth ambient pressure is 4460 psi / 307 bar / 30.7 MPa. Maximum sustained pressure differential ~1,200 psi / 80 bar / 8 MPa

Initial result: Hongliu Zeng

Velocity difference above zone

Cross-section flattened Velocity difference

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•! Groundwater monitoring •! Soil gas monitoring

Aquifer and USDW

Atmosphere Biosphere

Vadose zone

Seal

Seal

Subsurface Monitoring Zone

CO2 plume

Near-Surface Monitoring Zone Shallow groundwater

•! Shallow groundwater monitoring •! Soil gas monitoring (P-site)

Objective

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CO2 injection

Changbing Yang

Geochemical modeling to determine sensitivity of groundwater chemistry to CO2

leakage

Simulating CO2 leakage into the Cranfield-type shallow aquifers as CO2 pressure builds up:

•! pH will be lowered •! DIC will increase •! !!C13 of DIC will approach -3‰,

the value of !!C13 of CO2 injected

!!C13

of D

IC

Changbing Yang

Soil Gas Monitoring via process accounting

Katherine Romanak

CO2 concentrations at different depths()EA(&$*&,*1#%D$*(%-$*,(6%=(*$1(#,-0%:-,(0*.0&%1$#(J$#(-,%>%2,(

.,1,&D$*(

•! CO2 concentrations show variations in depth, average CO2 conc. ~350 ppm in the atmosphere, ~630 ppm at depth of 1.5 m below surface show, and ~99000 ppm at depth of 3 m over the observation time period

at 1.5m

at 3m at atmosphere

Near-surface observatory

Changbing Yang and Katherine Romanak

?$0-(2%7(&$6"$70D$*((9([*0G<,(-,%>%2,(702*%-(

CH4 < 34 vol. %

CO2 < 45 vol. %

N2 42-85%

O2 2- 21%

Soil gas distribution

CH4+2O2!! CO2+ 2H2O

CH2O+ 2O2 !! CO2+ H2O

Methane oxidation

Org. oxidation

Katherine Romanak

RCSP program goal: Predict storage capacities within +/- 30%

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21

4!?(/$*01$#0*2(Injector CFU 31F1

Obs CFU 31 F2

Obs CFU 31 F3

Above-zone monitoring F1 F2 F3

Injection Zone

Above Zone Monitoring

10,500 feet BSL

Closely spaced well array to examine flow in complex reservoir

68m

112 m

Petrel model Tip Meckel

Tuscaloosa D-E reservoir

LLNL ERT

X. Yang, C Carrigan

(!(8$-,($J(c,$-$20&%-()'%#%&1,#0R%D$*;(3#$:%:0-07D&(#,%-0R%D$*($J(",#6,%:0-01=(

Seyyed Hosseini, Jong-Won Choi and J.-P Nicot BEG

Data collected: •! Tracer

breakthrough times

•! 1-D and 2-Saturation

Update model –match •! Multiple

modeling teams

LLNL Test of Electrical Resistance Tomography

F1 F2 F3

C. Carrigan, X Yang, D. LaBreque

Research fluid sampling via U-tube yields data on flow processes

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UTDoG,

Adding tracer

B(

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ABB(

NBB(

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kBB(

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5.E-21

1.E-06

2.E-06

3.E-06

4.E-06

5.E-06

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d:[G

.6'

Inj. rate

SF6

CFU31F-3, 112 m away from injector

Travel time = 319 h

SF6 Arrive on May18

211 h

Jiemin Lu

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•! /%1<#,(#,2<-%1$#=(%*.(-,2%-(J#%6,K$#>(

•! c$$.("<:-0&(%&&,"1%*&,(

Lessons learned •! In-zone monitoring does not yield unique non-leakage

determination •! Continuous AZMI pressure monitoring for permanence

–! Viable method –! Invest characterization and well completion –! Geomechanical study needed

•! Near surface leakage monitoring strategy based on modeling –! Process-based soil gas methods –! Geochemical – groundwater methods