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E-Commerce ©David Whiteley/McGraw-Hill, 2000 1
e c o m m e r c e
electronic commerce
strategy
technologies and
applications
Chapter 1: Electric commerce
An introduction to e-Commerce outlining: The three basic e-Commerce technologies The trading exchanges to which they apply
E-Commerce ©David Whiteley/McGraw-Hill, 2000 2
e c o m m e r c e
electronic commerce
strategy
technologies and
applications
Definition of e-Commerce ‘Formulating commercial transactions at a site
remote from the trading partner and then using electronic communications to execute that transaction.’
The definition includes business to business and business to consumer transactions.
Further definitions are given in Chapter 1, Section 1.2. Many definitions are much broader covering, for example, the commercial use of e-mail.
E-Commerce ©David Whiteley/McGraw-Hill, 2000 3
e c o m m e r c e
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strategy
technologies and
applications
E-Commerce technologies
The three e-Commerce technologies are: Electronic Markets Electronic Data Interchange Internet Commerce
Electronic Markets
Internet Commerce
EDI
E-Commerce ©David Whiteley/McGraw-Hill, 2000 4
e c o m m e r c e
electronic commerce
strategy
technologies and
applications
Electronic markets The use of information and communications
technology to present a range of offerings available in a market segment and hence enable: the purchaser to compare the prices (and other
attributes); make a purchase decision.
The usual example of an electronic market is an airline booking system.
There is the potential for new electronic markets to be created using Internet technologies.
E-Commerce ©David Whiteley/McGraw-Hill, 2000 5
e c o m m e r c e
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Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
EDI provides a standardised system for coding trade transactions so that they can be communicated directly from one computer system to another.
EDI removes the need for printed orders and invoices and avoids the delays and errors implicit in paper handling.
EDI is used by organisations that make a large number of regular transactions. Examples are the large supermarket chains and the vehicle assemblers which use EDI for transactions with their suppliers.
E-Commerce ©David Whiteley/McGraw-Hill, 2000 6
e c o m m e r c e
electronic commerce
strategy
technologies and
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Internet commerce Information and communications technologies can
also be used to advertise and make once-off sales of a wide range of goods and services.
This type of e-Commerce is typified by the commercial use of the Internet. The Internet can, for example, be used for the purchase of books that are then delivered by post or the booking of tickets that can be picked up by the clients when they arrive at the event.
It is to be noted that the Internet is not the only technology used for this type of service and this is not the only use of the Internet in e-Commerce.
E-Commerce ©David Whiteley/McGraw-Hill, 2000 7
e c o m m e r c e
electronic commerce
strategy
technologies and
applications
The trade cycle Conducting a commercial transaction involves the
following steps: Pre-Sale:
• Search - finding a supplier• Negotiate – agreeing the terms of trade
Execution:• Order• Delivery
Settlement:• Invoice• Payment
After-sales, e.g. warrantee and service
E-Commerce ©David Whiteley/McGraw-Hill, 2000 8
e c o m m e r c e
electronic commerce
strategy
technologies and
applications
Generic trade cycles The trade cycle varies depending on:
The nature of the parties to the transaction The frequency of trade exchanges The nature of the goods or services being
exchanged.
Three generic trade cycles can be identified: Regular, repeat transactions between
commercial trading partners (Repeat) Irregular transactions between commercial
trading partners (Credit) Irregular transactions in once-off trading
relationships (commercial or retail) (Cash)
E-Commerce ©David Whiteley/McGraw-Hill, 2000 9
e c o m m e r c e
electronic commerce
strategy
technologies and
applications
Generic trade cycles Repeat Credit Cash Trade Cycle:
Search
Negotiate
Order
Deliver
Invoice
Payment
After Sales
Pre-Sale
Execution
Settlement
After Sale
E-Commerce ©David Whiteley/McGraw-Hill, 2000 10
e c o m m e r c e
electronic commerce
strategy
technologies and
applications
Electronic markets Emphasis on the search phase of the trade cycle Typically an inter-organisational credit trade cycle
Limited applications – airline seat bookings and financial sector – the operation of the electronic market is not necessarily in the vendor’s interests.
See Chapter 7 for further discussion.
Search
Negotiate
Order
Deliver
Invoice
Payment
After Sales
Pre-Sale
Execution
Settlement
After Sale
EM
E-Commerce ©David Whiteley/McGraw-Hill, 2000 11
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strategy
technologies and
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Electronic Data Interchange Used for standardised, repeat, inter-organisational
transactions
Notable users of EDI are vehicle assemblers, component supplier’s, and supermarkets (and other multiple retailers), ordering the goods to restock their shelves.
See Chapters 8 through 11 for further discussion
Search
Negotiate
Order
Deliver
Invoice
Payment
After Sales
Pre-Sale
Execution
Settlement
After Sale
EDI
E-Commerce ©David Whiteley/McGraw-Hill, 2000 12
e c o m m e r c e
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strategy
technologies and
applications
Internet commerce Used for once-off transactions – consumer or inter-
organisational transactions.
Can apply to Search, Execution / Settlement and / or After Sales.
Consumers pay at time of ordering – businesses may have credit arrangements with the suppliers.
Search
Negotiate
Order
Deliver
Invoice
Payment
After Sales
Pre-Sale
Execution
Settlement
After Sale
Internet
E-Commerce ©David Whiteley/McGraw-Hill, 2000 13
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technologies and
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e-Commerce in perspective e-Commerce is not appropriate to all business
transactions and, within e‑Commerce, there is no one technology that can or should be appropriate to all requirements.
Electronic
Internet Comerce
EDI
Markets
E-Commerce ©David Whiteley/McGraw-Hill, 2000 14
e c o m m e r c e
electronic commerce
strategy
technologies and
applications
Chapter 1 – Exercise 1A European Union web site defines e-Commerce as:
‘Electronic Commerce is a general concept covering any form of business transactions or information exchange executed using information and communication technology, between companies, between companies and their customers, or between companies and public administrations.Electronic Commerce includes electronic trading of goods, services and electronic material.’
List technologies and applications that could be covered by this list and decide, in discussion, if they are usefully/appropriately classified as e‑Commerce.
E-Commerce ©David Whiteley/McGraw-Hill, 2000 15
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Chapter 1 – Exercise 2
Earnest Higginbottom started making Potted Beef in Heckmondwike in 1876 and the company has been run on traditional lines ever since.
Recently the business has started to change: Traditional local outlets are being replaced by
supermarkets; Native Yorkshire tykes living as far away as Liverpool and
Los Angeles are ringing in to ask how to get hold of a bit of real potted beef.
Suppliers, such as the maker of the jars, use computerised ordering systems
Suggest where and in what form Higgies’ Potted Beef could implement e-Commerce.
Earnest HigginbottomEarnest HigginbottomGenuine Yorkshire Potted Beef