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Perceived DecisionMaking Pressures on Community Bank Chief Execu<ves William J. Wilhelm Indiana State University William C. Minnis Eastern Illinois University

CEO Decision-Making Challenges

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MBAA/NAMS 2013 paper presentation, "CEO Decision Making Challenges in a Stressful Environment: A Delphi Study." Bill Minnis, Eastern Illinois University and William Wilhelm, Indiana State University

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Page 1: CEO Decision-Making Challenges

 Perceived  Decision-­‐Making  Pressures  

 on    Community  Bank  Chief  Execu<ves    

 William  J.  Wilhelm  

Indiana  State  University    

William  C.  Minnis  Eastern  Illinois  University  

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Why  this  research?  

•  frac<onal  leave  of  absence  to  serve  as  president/CEO  of  a  community  bank  2008  -­‐2012  

•  discovered  troubled  asset  valua<on  issues  •  a  guest  speaker  in  Dr.  Wilhelm’s  moral  reasoning/ethics  course  

•  a  member  of  the  president/CEO  community  during  period  

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Research  Objec<ves  

•  iden<fy  and  rank  the  most  stressful  issues  among  community  banking  execu<ves  

•  iden<fy  contextual  cues  (situa<onal  variables)  that  create  greatest  levels  of  perceived  pressure  

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Samples    

•  CEO  Forums,  Community  Bankers  Associa<on  of  Illinois  

•  Survey  (Delphi)  I,  n  =  12  (sent  to  22  CEOs)  •  Survey  (Delphi)  II,  n  =  8  (sent  to  26  CEOs)  

•  Small  response  volume  in  both  surveys  noted  

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Survey  (Delphi)  I  –  Round  1  

Q1:  “What  types  of  decision  dilemmas  cause  you  the  greatest  stress?”      

– Open-­‐ended  response  requested  

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Q2:  :    “Please  describe  how  various  stakeholder  groups  (name  the  group)  cause  you  the  greatest  stress  in  your  decision  making.”          -­‐Open-­‐ended  response  requested  

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Phrase  Analysis  Round  1  •  There  is  a  predominant  percep<on  of  diminishing  managerial  control  due  to  several  factors  including  regula<on  and  regulators,  higher  costs,  and  a  poor  loan  environment.    

•  There  is  a  perceived  challenge  concerning  the  management  of  change.  This  was  primarily  associated  with  examples  of  personnel,  board  of  director  makeup  and  regulatory  prepara<on.    

•  There  was  a  palpable  lack  of  op3mism  that  improvement  would  occur  in  the  “near  future.”    The  lack  of  op<mism  was  closely  associated  with  con<nuing  regulatory  development.  

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Round  2  (n  =  6)  

Q1:    Provided  feedback,  requested  confirma<on  Ra<ngs  of  Round-­‐One  Interpreta<ons  

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Q2:    :    “Concerning  the  areas  of  diminishing  control,  management  of  change  and  a  low  level  of  op<mism,  how  will  you  alter  your  management  and  decision  style  to  deal  with  the  stresses?”  (n  =  5)  

–  always  be  a  proponent  of  change  –  retain  more  capital  –  stand  my  ground  in  balancing  regulatory  compliance  tasks  and  serving  customers  

–  lead  by  seang  a  posi<ve  example  –  delegate  more  responsibility  to  the  management  team  and  “tread  water”  for  five  more  years  and  get  the  hell  out  of  banking.      

•  The  researchers  found  no  common  theme  in  this  range  of  responses  except  that  they  all  focused  on  performance  criteria.    

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Q3:    “Do  you  feel  Community  Bank  presidents/CEOs  are  struggling  with  ethical  conflicts  due  to  the  stresses  created  by  regula<on,  change,  and  the  uncertain  future?    If  you  do,  what  ac<ons  will  most  likely  be  involved?”      

–  not  struggling  with  any  ethical  conflicts  –  few  ethical  cases  encountered  (no  clarifica<on)    –  to  characterize  conflicts  as  ethical  “sounds  too  drama<c”  –  Shouldn’t  cut  corners  to  save  costs  or  make  loans  –  regulators’  efforts  are  not  “directed  correctly”  (no  

clarifica<on)    The  researchers  did  not  iden<fy  any  common  theme  in  the  responses.    Further,  there  were  no  responses  that  clearly  addressed  the  ethical  percep<on  issue.  

   

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Analysis  Survey  I  •  Pressures  primarily  from  regulators:  

–  diminishing  managerial  control  –  change  management  challenge  –  lack  of  op<mism  

•  Management  strategies  to  meet  challenges?  – No  common  theme  in  range  of  responses  except  that  all  focused  on  performance  criteria.  

– No  responses  acknowledged  ethical  percep<on  by  public    

•   Are  CEOs  struggling  with  ethical  conflicts?  –   No  common  theme  in  the  responses.      –   No  responses  acknowledged  ethical  percep<on  issue  

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Survey  (Delphi)  II  (n  =  8)  

Q1:    :    “What  specific  issues  pressure  you  the  most  as  far  as  working  toward  profitability  and  also  ensuring  a  perspec<ve  among  stakeholders  that  your  organiza<on  is  performing  ethically?”  

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Q2:    :    “Please  describe  how  various  stakeholder  groups  (name  the  group)  cause  you  the  greatest  stress  in  your  decision  making.”    

4  responses  -­‐  regulators    2  responses  -­‐  board  members  2  responses  -­‐  none  

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 Q3:  “How  do  you  deal  with  poten<ally  being  perceived  as  unethical  in  the  preceding  issues  that  you  iden<fied?”      

Page 15: CEO Decision-Making Challenges

Analysis  Survey  II  

•  Same  pressures  as  iden<fied  in  Survey  I  sample  •  Despite  direct  ques<oning  about  public  ethical  percep<ons,  –  responses  acknowledged  only  performance  metrics  – ethical  percep<on  issue  dismissed  as  not  relevant  

Page 16: CEO Decision-Making Challenges

Conclusions  

•  CEOs  in  both  surveys  did  not  recognize  any  ethical  contexts  inherent  in  iden<fied  stressful  situa<ons.  

•  This  may  be  manifesta<on  of  moral  decoupling.      •  Moral  decoupling  heuris<c  warrants  further  inves<ga<on.    

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moral  decoupling  -­‐  wherein  judgments  of  performance  are  separated  from  judgments  of  morality    

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Future  of  Research  Effort  

•  Follow-­‐up  presenta<on  of  Delphi  findings    with  par<cipants    

•  One  more  opportunity  to  gather  data  from  their  response  and  consider  moral  decoupling  

•  Will  consider  longitudinal  study  to  measure  ongoing  changes  in  percep<ons  and  management    

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