Technological Change

AWP Week 6

Aims

To consider the extent to which technological change impacts on government policy and vice-versa

To explore claims that we have seen a shift from an ‘industrial society’ to ‘post-industrial society’ or ‘information society’

• To analyse the implications of technological change for the welfare state

Re-Cap

• Macro, Meso, Micro Factors

• Globalisation• Political Economy• Work & Labour Markets

• Information Revolution

Information is the key to the modern age. The new age of information offers possibilities for the future limited only by the boundaries of our imaginations. The potential of the new electronic networks is breathtaking – the prospect of change as widespread and fundamental as the agricultural and industrial revolutions of earlier eras.

Tony Blair

This [information] revolution adds huge new capacities to human intelligence and constitutes a resource which changes the way we work together and the way we live together

Bangemann Report (1995)

The world is undergoing a technological revolution and entering the age of the Information Society. [...] The potential technological, economic, and social upheavals resulting from the information revolution could be of the same order of magnitude as those arising from the shift away from an agricultural to an industrial economy

House of Lords Science and Technology Select Committee (1996)

Long Roots of the Info Society

• Machlup (62), Touraine (69), Bell (74)

• Bell - post-industrial/information society:• ‘a revolution in the organisation and

processing of information and knowledge, in which the computer plays a central role’

• ‘an extraordinary transformation, perhaps even greater in its impact than the industrial revolution of the previous century’

Pre-Industrial Industrial Post-Industrial Mode of Production

Extractive Fabrication Processing; Recycling

Economic Sector

Primary Agriculture Mining Fishing Timber Oil and Gas

Secondary Goods-Producing Manufacturing (durables and non-durables) Heavy construction

Tertiary Transportation Utilities Quartenary Trade Finance Insurance Real estate Quiniary Health Education Research Government Recreation

Pre-Industrial Industrial Post-Industrial Transforming resource

Natural Power Wind Water Draft Animal Human Muscle

Created Energy Electricity Oil Gas Coal Nuclear Power

Information Computer and data transmission systems

Strategic Resource

Raw materials Financial capital

Knowledge

Technology Craft Machine technology

Intellectual technology

Skill base Artisan Manual worker Farmer

Engineer Semiskilled worker

Scientist Technical and professional occupations

Beyond Bell

• Toffler: Third Wave• L’Informatisation D’Société

• Pre-Micro-Computer

• May, Angell, Negopontre, Virilio• Castells

Network Society

‘the transformation of our ‘material culture’ by the works of a new technological paradigm organized around information technologies’

‘the vast majority of societies are affected in a fundamental way by these transformations’

‘a new type of social structure that I call the network society ‘

Network Society

• Economy– global– informational– network enterprise

• Labour market– flexible– programmable

labour– polarisation

• Media– fragmented– fast paced– bite sized

• Politics & State– messages/symbols– state as network– hollowed out

Network Society

• Two forces:– ICTs– (Informational) Networks

• Timeless Time• Space of Flows

Welfare and the Network Society

Digital Divide:• Universal Access by 2005• PAT• Computers Within Reach, Wired Up

Communities

• Increasing divide• Multiple dimensions

Welfare and the Network Society

Information Age Government:• 100% services on-line 2005• (integrated) multi-channel• (joined-up) multi-provider• 24-7, any time, any place• citizen centric

• timeless time• diminished place of space• Curthoys: reinvigorate as network services

Welfare and the Network Society

• Economy:• ‘lousy’ and ‘lovely’ jobs• skill-biased technological change

• links to rising income inequality

• running to stand still?

Welfare and the Network Society

• Political Economy of Welfare:– Connections with Third Way– Repositioning of welfare

Giddens: Third Way promotes modernisation

and reform to ‘meet the demands of globalising information order’.

Welfare and the Network Society

• Blair:– Beveridge, like most of his contemporaries,

was committed to full employment, delivered by Keynesian demand management. The assumption of enduring full employment held good during the 1940s and 1950s… [but] began to come apart as early as the 1970s… Today the assumption has completely broken down. Globalisation has placed a premium on workers with the skills and knowledge to adapt to advancing technology

Welfare and the Network Society

• Giddens – Third Way:

– looks to develop a wide-ranging supply-side policy, which seeks to reconcile economic growth mechanisms with structural reform of the welfare state [because] in the information economy, human (and social) capital becomes central to economic success

Welfare and the Network Society

e-galitarianism:• social democracy modernised for

the information age• fragmented (broken?) variation• diminished, reduced vision

• gives due prominence to notion of information society

Competing Visions

‘the paths and outcomes of this transformation are extraordinarily diverse […] there is no one model of information society’

(Castells & Himanen, 2002)

Competing Visions  USA Finland

GDP per Capita (PPP - 2000) (OECD Avg: US$23,178) US$35,619 US$25,240

Public & Social Spending (% GDP – 1998) (OECD Avg: 20.8) 14.6 26.5

Gini Index (mid-1990s) 34.4 22.8

Scientists & Engineers in R&D (per 1,000,000 - 1998) (OECD Avg: 3,305) 4,099 5,059

Prisoners (per 100,000 - 2000) (OECD Avg: 94.45) 468.49 49.55

Poverty (< 50% Median Income - mid-1990s) 17% 4.9%

Mobile Phone Subscribers (per 1,000 – 2001) (OECD Avg: 605) 451 804

Key High-Tech Company Microsoft Nokia

sources: www.sourceoecd.org; www.undp.org

Competing Visions

• Finland: welfare-high tech economy link

• Informational welfare state– heavy investment in education– generous unemployment benefits– state encourages technological innovation– state encourages take up of technologies– search for ICT driven efficiencies

Conclusions

‘technology and technological change have not featured prominently as a focus for direct attention in the range of explanatory models for the welfare state which have emerged’

(Uttley)

Technology: Master or Servant?

• Technological Determinism– autonomous technology– soft determinism

• social construction of technology

• actor-network theory

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Govt Services Today

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Physical Channel

Physical Channel

Physical Channel

Separate,Physical,

Govt Service

Producer Driven Service

Delivery

Info Age Govt Services

DepartmentAgency

Local Authority

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Joined UpBack Office

Web Enabled Physical Government Channel

Multiple Channel Mixed

Economy Delivery

Citizen Focused Service

Delivery

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E-government Service

Private & Voluntary Sector Value

Added Service

degree = 14.97%

degree = 30.99%

sci = 15.45%

sci = 25.57%

Inequality and Knowledge Economy

UK Regions, 2001/2

15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00

Population (16-74) Qualified at Degree Level or Above

4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

6.00

90:10 income percentile ratio after taxA

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R-Square = 0.94

Inequality and Knowledge Economy

UK Regions, 2001/2

16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00

Human Resources in Science and Technology

4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

6.00

90:10 income percentile ratio after taxA

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R-Square = 0.84