AP Euro Bellringer

What am I? Why am I so special to European

farmers?

CHAPTER 15Part 2:

Agriculture, Industrialization, and Urbanization

Revolution in Agriculture

Food supply never certain, especially in the east Crop failure = malnutrition or starvation (death) Price fluctuation

Smaller supply Greater population demand Prices increase sharply

1700- small farms disappearing Wealthy buy out village farms- then rent them out Known as enclosure- as land was fenced in

Intend to use land more rationally and for greater profits Landlords commercialize agriculture, challenge the

traditional peasant ways of production Peasants revolt

The Difference Villagers= traditional methods of farming Wealthy landowners- free to experiment

w/ new methods Use scientific approach to increase harvest

size Ideas and harvest size exchanged Effected by Scientific Rev. and Enlightenment

New Methods

Dutch agricultural reform – devise better dikes and drainage systems, try new crops, better yield of animal fodder (fertilizer), better soil = better crops English hire Cornelius Vermuyden to help in Cambridge

Jethro Tull- 1721 seed drill Well spaced rows, specific depth More germination = larger crop

Charles “Turnip” Townsend Crop Rotation- most revolutionary discovery

Wheat, turnips, barley, and clover Don’t need to leave one fallow!

Turnips enrich the soil and help with nutrient rich animal fodder

New Farming Methods

Robert Bakewell- selective breeding of animals Breed the animals who yield more milk and

meat

Selective BreedingYEAR SHEEP

(lbs.)

CATTLE(lbs.)

1710 28 370

1795 80 800

Selective Breeding (lbs.)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

SHEEP CATTLE

1710

1795

Agriculture in the rest of Europe

France – restricts the enclosure movement

Prussia, Austria, Poland and Russia Begin plowing untilled lands Doesn’t increase production, just work load of

the serfs Maize and potatoes introduced

Effects on Population

More food due to better livestock & crop rotation

Smaller farmers pushed off land Left cities for colonies Became labor force for industry

Nutrition improved= increase in population= working class in cities

Population Explosion!

1700 1800 1850

Europe’s overall population (not including Ottoman Empire)

100 -120 million 190 million 260 million

1750 1800

England and Wales

6 million 10 million

1715 1789

France 18 million 26 million

1722 1766

Russia 22 million 29 million

Why?

Death rate declined Hygiene and sanitation improved Less wars and epidemics during the 1700s Better medical knowledge and techniques

(thanks scientific revolution!) The potato (1 acre = enough potatoes to

feed a family for a whole year!) more people lived in the countryside than

could find employment there…so…they headed to the cities!

Grab a book!

Read page 506 “Water, Washing, and Bathing” What was scarce in Europe until the late 1800s? What was water used for? During the Middle Ages, what did people believe

your personal appearance reflected? How does that change during the Renaissance and

Reformation? Which parts of the body were you supposed to

wash? Why were public bathhouses sketchy? How does linen clothing contribute to changes in

societal beliefs? What theory causes bathing to become popular?

Britain Paves the way in the Industrial Revolution

Abundant Resources Waterpower, coal- energy or machines Iron ore for tools

Favorable Geography

Good harbors- merchant ships Overseas trade = raw materials & markets Led to industrial growth Middle/merchant class growth developed- $

for new projects

Favorable Climate for New Ideas

Interest in science and technology 1660 Royal Society- exchanged scientific

ideas and inventions Businesses invested in inventions

(entrepreneurship)

Good Banking System

1700’s- most developed Loans- **led to business investment

Political Stability 1700’s- wars fought in foreign lands

Century of peace- no worries of invasion Economic growth stressed by govt. Merchants influenced Parliament Govt. supported laws encouraging business

Industrialization and Inventions

Textile Industry GB led wool industry

Wool spun by hand- demand not met, prices high

Desire for inventions for spinning and weaving Inventions transform cotton industry

Inventions 1733 John Kay- flying shuttle

Weaving twice as fast (hand) 1764 James Hargreaves- spinning jenny

Spinning keep up w/ weaving(hand) 1769 Richard Arkwright- water frame

Spinning (water)

Inventions 1779 Samuel Crompton- spinning mule

Water frame & spinning jenny combo Factories were built- too large and expensive for

home 1785 Edmund Cartwright- power loom

Weavers kept up w/ spinning

Inventions Late 1700’s- cotton supply can’t keep up 1763 Eli Whitney- cotton gin

Removes seed from cotton 1785- 40 million yards 1850- 2 billion yards

The Cotton Gin

Inventions Watts & steam engine

Problem- factories had to be by water (far from raw materials)

Solution- steam new power source Old engines for mines too slow & expensive Michael Boulton helps Watts Steam engine more practical

Urbanization

In 1500 only 156 cities have populations of more than 10,000 Paris, Milan, Venice, and Naples – 100,000+

By 1800 – 363 cities have 10,000 or more 17 cities have 100,000+

Percentage of population living in cities changes from 5% to 9%

1700 1800

London 700,000 Nearly 1 million

1789

Paris 500,000

1800

Berlin 170,000

1730 1794

Warsaw 30,000 120,000

1703 1800

St. Petersburg Founded 250,000

Even in France and GB, less than 20% of the population lived in the cities

Towns of 10,000 were much more common than urban centers

Between 1500-1750 – most urban expansion occurred in already established cities 1600-1750 – towns of less than 40,000

declined 1750 on – birth of new cities, rapid

growth of older cities

Trends of Growth/Decline

What types of cities do you think grew most rapidly? Capitals Port cities

Which cities would have declined between 1600-1750? Older landlocked trading centers Medieval industrial cities Ecclesiastical centers

“urban growth from below” (Jan De Vries, 1981)

Overall population increase More food = more people = moving to

towns with factories Promotes growth of nearby market towns

Bonus Time!!

Bonus Opportunity Read the “urban class” section on p. 505-8 Draw a cartoon that reflects the urban classes

of the upper, middle, artisan, and lower classes

Urban Classes Great dichotomy between

the urban rich and the urban poor

Both upper class and middle class sought to strengthen their political influence (but independently)

Aristocrats and the upper middle class Live in fashionable town

houses Upper Class

Nobles, large merchants, bankers, clergy, gov’t officials

Middle Class Prosperous, merchants, trades people, bankers,

and professionals Bourgeoisie More comfortable than urban artisans Tensions within middle class (merchants v

professionals, etc)

Urban Classes

Artisans – single largest group in the city Grocers, butchers, carpenters, cabinetmakers,

smiths, printers, hand-loom weavers, tailors, etc

Vulnerable (crops, others incomes, etc) Often live above their shop Guilds limited, not as dominant as Middle

Ages, but for some crafts they try to limit how many people learn a particular skill

Urban poor usually lived around the rivers Single room homes The desperate often resort to crimes, prostitution, vagrancy, begging,

and alcoholism Towns that emerge around factories have deplorable conditions

Peasants Poverty greater in the countryside some head to the cities to find a better life, but find misery in the city

Urban Riot

Often led by artisans, when what was “economically just” had been offended

Price of bread Artisan leaders would often confiscate the bread

or grain and sell it at a “just” price Benefits?

Restrains greed of merchants Other riots break out on behalf of discriminated

minorities Crowd usually attacks property not other people For economic or political gains

Jewish Communities

Amsterdam, some W. European cities Significant contributors to the intellectual and financial

institutions Eastern Europe

1762 – Catherine the Great (Russ) excludes the Jewish people in a manifesto that welcomed foreigners to settle in Russia Jewish populations seek protection for their livelihoods and

religious practices from local officials Often resident aliens of countries, without full rights Usually live separately from non-Jewish Europeans in ghettos,

often self-governing Often could not pursue professions freely Could not move without permission Could be expelled from their homes and have properties

confiscated

Social Classes

3. Bonus Opportunity – Due Monday Read the “urban class” section on . 505-8 Draw a cartoon that reflects the urban classes

of the upper, middle, artisan, and lower classes