Advanced Wireless Technologies and Products

BAD 640465 March 2003

Satellites - Orbit Distances

Three categories of orbit distances GEO

Geosynchronous earth orbitSatellite’s speed precisely matches

rotational speed of EarthRequires an orbit of about 22,300 miles

above the EarthDefined by the longitudinal position of the

point on the equator over which the satellite is located

Satellites - OrbitDistance

GEO Geostationary

A geosynchronous satellite with a zero angle of inclination (orbit is in the plane of the equator)

Appears to hover above the same point on the equator at all times

See “Dundee Receiving Station”

Both types of GEO satellites can be hit by ground stations without the need for tracking equipment

A Representative Geostationary Earth Station

Satellites - Orbit Distance

LEO - Low Earth Orbit 180 to 1000 mile high orbit Visible from a spot on the surface for

only 10 - 20 minutes To maintain a connection, equipment

must automatically switch from satellite to satellite

Moves rapidly with respect to Earth’s surface

Satellites - Orbit DistanceMEO - Medium Earth Orbit

6,250 - 10,000 miles high Intermediate speed of surface translation

Orbit Characteristics

ISSUE SATELLITES' CHARACTERISTICS

Cost of launch Higher for GEONumber of satellites required to cover Earth'ssurface

4 for GEO, 50 for LEO, 12 for MEO

Satellite radio power required to reach surface 625 times greater for GEO than LEORadio power required from mobile Nearly impossible for small unit to reach a

GEO or MEO satelliteAtmospheric drag Greatest for LEO; large antennas cause lots of

dragTracking mechanism None required for GEOLatency (time for signal to reach surface) 500 ms for GEO, 20 ms for LEO

Advantages and Disadvantages of GEO Satellites

Advantages Appear to stand still Huge footprint (3 or 4 cover Earth)

Disadvantages Launch is very expensive and risky Round trip latency of 500 ms Power required varies with square of

distance, so huge transmitters are needed

Satellite Subsystems

Transponders Some do and some do not process the up-

linked data before relaying it back down “Bent pipe” does not process

Received signal amplified without adding noiseRetransmitted down on a different frequency

Modern transponders10 to 30 transponders per satellite, each with

bandwidth of 36 - 72 MHzOnboard error correction is commonSignal routing to xpdrs is common

More About Onboard Processing

Demodulation and re-modulation to remove noise Spot focusing of downlink using steerable antenna

arrays Consist of many switchable elements

Much switching and routing required, especially for LEO systems Iridium and Teledesic are typical Switch to minimize ground based wireline charges

Onboard processing saps power from the downlink transmitter

More complex = more failure points

Frequency and Bandwidth

Frequency tradeoffs Higher frequencies support greater

bandwidth with smaller antennas Higher frequencies are more easily

mitigated by dust, water vapor and even molecules of atmospheric gas

More difficult and expensive to design and build transmitters and receivers for higher frequencies

Crowded Space

Orbital proximity is a problem in GEO orbits Satellites on same frequency must have

significant angular separation so ground stations can discriminate them

Orbital slots and frequencies are limited, so we can run out of physical slots in the sky

This is happening now over Europe and North America

Challenging Technology

Ku-band is highest in present use 10.7 GHz - 18.1 GHz Toshiba introduced first Ku-band

capable transistor at the end of 1998 (gallium-arsenide)

It worked in 14 - 14.5 GHz band $1100 per transistor 20 watt device

More Amazing Technology

Toshiba (May 1999) introduced high power C-band transistor 5.9 - 6.4 GHz 60 watts

Ka band (18 - 31 GHz) is the next development target AIL Systems, Globalstar, KaSTAR

Applications for Satellite Technology

Fixed telephonyGlobal Mobile personal

communications servicesSatellite data transmissionBroadband satelliteGPS

Fixed Telephony Services

Satellite telephone business was originally targeted at trans-Atlantic bulk

Submarine fibre is underpricing satellitesNiche market for satellite phone calls

remains Underserved rural areas and less-developed

countries More cost-effective than wireline, especially in

inhospitable terrain

Global Mobile Personal Communications Services

Challenge is illuminating a small or handheld terminal that has a very small antenna

Antenna is moving constantly, and in and out of buildings

Thus, GEO satellites are infeasibleGMPCS requires LEO or MEO

satellites

GMPCS Devices

Most have dual mode or multimode capability for satellite as well as terrestrial wireless system access

About 0.7 watts transmitted powerHandset antennas cannot be

directionalThere is no universal standard for

satellite “phones” yet

GMPCS Providers

Ellipso Two constellations of MEO satellites Ellipso-Borealis constellation covers

northern latitudes with 10 satellites in elliptical orbits of two planes

Ellipso-Concordia covers tropical and southern latitudes with 6 satellites at 5,031 mile high orbit

Initial launches were planned for 2002

Ellipso Orbital Configuration

Globalstar

Joint Loral - Qualcomm ventureSimple bent pipe satellitesNo inter-satellite communication48 LEOs and 4 on-orbit sparesService began in October 1999All satellites now in orbitEach transmits 16 spot beams

simultaneously

ICO

MEO-basedRecently acquired Teledesic10 satellites in two orbital planes, 5 each6,472 mile high orbit8.9 KW per satelliteSimple system that routes calls to the PSTN4,500 simultaneous calls per satellite ICO handsets are dual-mode or tri-mode

CDMA/AMPS/ICO

Iridium

Bankrupt in September 1999, and now resuming service

LEO systemLarge handhelds

Satellite Data Transmission

Data services will be broadly available via satellites

Designed for fixed usersMost downlink only, some bi-directional,

symmetric or asymmetricBroadband data transfer is technically

challenging because of latency delay and high bit rate accuracy required (10-

7)

VSAT Applications

Very Small Aperture Terminal High powered Earth station connects via

satellite to network of low-powered ground stations with small antennas

High bandwidth on downlink but not on uplink Equipment is an outdoor unit and an indoor

interface to user’s data terminal Deployed in rural areas and for low-cost credit

card verification

DirecPC

Data “broadcasting” Internet access 21 inch elliptical

antenna, PC adapter card, software

Downlink only Upstream is through an

ISP 400 Kbps data rate $69.95 unlimited,

without ISP

Other Internet Access via Satellite

European Satellite Multimedia Services Similar to DirecPC Downlink up to 38 Mbps Uplink is via phone

Gilat Satellite Systems Two way satellite broadband to MSN

customers Israeli company

Cidera Multicasts same content to multiple sites Specialty is Internet content to ISPs, who

then cache it 45 Mbps

Similar service available from IPPlanet (Irsael) and iBeam, in Sunnyvale

Other Internet Access via Satellite

Broadband Satellite Systems

Skybridge Planned LEO system Two constellations of 40 satellites each Covers everything except poles 20 Mbps down, 2 Mbps up Fractional bandwidth on demand available 350,000 users per satellite No intersatellite connections Service in 2003

Broadband Satellite Systems

Teledesic Partnered with Ellipso LEO with 64Mbps downlink rates Motorola is prime contractor Boeing does large scale systems integration, software

development, and launch services Bill Gates is a key backer 288 satellites, low, with low latency Each satellite is like a node in a fast packet switching

network 30 GHz uplink, 20 GHz downlink

Global Positioning System

Implemented and operated by U.S. Department of Defense

24 satellites in six MEO orbital planesFive to eight satellites available at any

time from any point on EarthFour signals (minimum) needed by

compute position

GPS Add Ons

SnapTrack Will track location of cellular phone users

FCC mandated locatability of 911 callers within 1200 meters by October 2001 – was partially achieved Cellular wireless network will send an estimate of the

location of the phone to a server, which then returns the locations of the nearest GPS satellites

Phone then calculates and reports its location

Cellular sites already have GPS receivers to provide synchronous timing information

Qualcomm bought SnapTrack for $1B in January 2000

Market Overview

Wireless growth is exceeding most market projections

Prices are falling as competition increases

Data now dominates over voice !

Wireless Voice Telephony

309 M cellular users at end of 1998 Forecast 862 M at end of 2003

Data over mobile and e-commerce expected to account for much of this growth

303 M cellular/PCS users in 1998 Forecast 1.1 B cellular/PCS by end of 2003 (!)

Approximately half of the above are forecast to be using GSM

3G services will lag in the U.S. behind Europe, Japan, and Korea

Asia

PDC standard dominates in Japan, GSM everywhere else in Asia

Taiwan and south Korea are the fastest growing markets for mobile data

Motorola is in a joint agreement with Ministry of Information and Industry of China to develop 3G technologies there

Europe

GSM dominates overwhelminglySubscriber growth is slowingFinland offered the first 3G licensesDataquest predicts that only 4% of

subscribers will be using full 3G compliant systems by 2005

United States

18 service providers held most of the market in the U.S. at end of century

Three use CDMA1900, seven GSM1900, one IS-136, and the rest AMPS, CDMA800, TDMA800.

Consolidation of providers will continue, with mixes of GSM and CDMA in place

Growth Projections

CDMA growth rate of 50.4%TDMA growth rate of 39.5 %AMPS growth rate of -16.6 %

Latin America

Digital subscribers dominateSix times as many new subscribers for

digital rather than analogTDMA = 33.9 %; CDMA 6.6 %; GSM 1.6 %Forecast is that 75% of all TDMA handsets

in 2003 will go to Latin America

Wireless Data

Fierce competition involving: Private data networks (ARDIS, Metricom, and

Mobiltex) Cellular networks (CDPD, SMS, circuit-

switched, and 2.5G) Land mobile radio and specialized mobile radio Satellite services Two-way paging

Regional Variations

Europe leads the world in adoption of digital cellular service and mobile wireless services

Asia/Pacific are also tied with or slightly leading U.S.

Thus, regions outside the U.S. make take the lead in adoption of new Internet services

Wireless Data Services (U.S.)

Subscribers growing x10 between 1999 and 2003

CAGR will be 81.6 %Devices and services will drop in

priceSMS (Short Messaging Service) is

forecast to be the driver of U.S. growth in wireless data

Wireless SMS Players

Blackberry Service aimed at e-mail users $ 9.95/month for unlimited e-mail, with

$359 price on the deviceARDIS started two-way paging

service in 1999 Palm VII ($500) supports this

ARDIS Target Markets

Vertical markets, normallyUPSTruckingRepair and service techniciansPricing varies with quantity of data

transmitted

CDPD Target Markets(Cellular Digital Packet Data)

Available to 53% of the U.S. population

Especially popular among police agencies

Growth in Canada is significantCDPD is the only packet-switched

technology offered on cellular / PCS networks in Canada

Satellites - Markets

Broadband satellite industry might be subject to over-capacity if all planned satellite systems deploy

Satellite launches for mobile service have lagged behind their timetables

Bankruptcies are slowing down the industry Iridium went bankrupt because of high prices $1,495 handset and $1.59 to $3.99 per minute

call charges

Forecast - Terrestrial Mobile Voice

AMPS will continue to erodeU.S. cellular market will remain

fragmented among CDMA, TDMA, GSMMobile users in Asia/Pacific, not even

counting Japan, may exceed total in U.S. and Europe

Handset antennas will move away from head via headsets

Forecast - Terrestrial Mobile Data

Adoption of interim data technologies (HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE) will lead to market fragmentation in the U.S. and to lesser degree in Europe

3G deployment will be delayed by lack of demand from mobile applications and lack of a global 3G standard

SMS will dominate growth in mobile services Location-based services will grow rapidly Growth in Japan and Europe will exceed U.S.

because of unified standards there

Forecast - Terrestrial Stationary Services

Services include WLL, point-to-point wireless, LMDS/MMDS, and laser beam

Demand will be driven by: 1. Demand for high speed data (Internet

mostly) 2. Need for CLECs to bypass the wire local loop

Internet access is still the driver for bandwidth growth

High Speed Services

Will be predominantly wireline through 2003Satellite service initiates on a large scale at

the end of the forecast period -- jury is outWireless has an advantage in the local loop

beyond the reach of fibre from the CONext generation TV channels will include a

data sub-band

More Terrestrial Wireless Forecasts

802.1, Bluetooth, and HomeRF may interfere with each other in the spectrum

Satellite receivers for direct broadcast TV will continue to integrate with data transport

Satellite systems will suffer a lack of demand for mobile access because of in-building problems