INTRODUCTION-1 The sun is the main source of light for the earth, and it is about 150 million Km away from the earth. The natural light better than the artificial that it has variable illumination according to the path of the clouds and this changes in the degree and the color of the light is efficient for the protecting of the human intelligence and the human health in the contrary of the constant artificial light which is boring the design of day lighting inside the building is trying to enter the most quantity of light without glare. To avoid glare we must avoid the direct sunrays.

conclude:From this we

1-The general goal for day lighting is the same as that for electric lighting to supply sufficient quality light while minimizing direct glare veiling reflections and excessive brightness ratios.

2-the second goal is to reduce or prevent the severe direct glare of unprotected windows and skylight.

3-the third goal is to prevent excessive brightness ratio especially those caused by direct sunlight.

4-the fourth goal is to prevent or minimize veiling reflection especially from skylight and clerestory windows, lighting should not be too directional because of the dark shadows that result.

5-the fifth goal is to diffuse the light by means of multiple reflections of the ceiling and walls.

To satisfy the goals some strategies must be addressed at the earliest moments in the schematic design process, for example both of the orientation and form of the building are critical to a successful day lighting scheme. Basically light finishes are required to increase the distribution. It is also difficult to shade horizontal glazing. For these reasons it is often appropriate to use vertical glazing on the roof in the form of clerestory windows, monitors. or saw tooth arrangements.

There are four ways to measuring of daylight in building: 1_coefficent of daylight method. 2_lumen method. 3_artificialdoom method. 4_computer programs method.

2-General data of natural lighting.

Position Materials

Sky light Window wall Clerestory

a-position

Recommended spacing for skylights without windows.

Classification of openings

Recommended spacing for skylights with windows.

Place skylight in front of a north wall for more uniform lighting and less glare.

Steeply sloped sky lights will perform better by collecting more winter

Light and less summer light.

The ideal Plan for day lighting as well as general solar control Has all windows facing north and south

While day lighting from windows is limited to the area about 15 feet From the outside walls, roof openings can yield fairly uniform lighting Over unlimited areas

These are the various possibilities for overhead openings for day lighting.

Materials-b Laminated architectural glass with Saflex interlayer can be effective in reducing solar energy transmittance, con-trolling glare, and screening out ultraviolet (UV) rays. The data in Figure 14 present summer and winter U-values for a wide range of glazing configurations

U-Value Performance* U-Value** Glazing Configuration Summer Winter Monolithic Glass

1/4" 1.2"

1.0 .97

1.08 1.03

Laminated Glass

1/4"- (Lami - 0.030"- Lami) 1/4"- (1/8" - 0.030"- 1/8") 1/4"- (1/8" - 0.060"- 1/8") 1/4"- (1/8" - 0.045"- 1/8") 3/8"- (3/16" - 0.030"- 3/16") 3/8"- (1/4" - 0.030"- 1/8") 3/8"- (1/4" - 0.060"- 1/8") 1/2"- (1/4" - 0.030"- 1/4") 1/2"- (1/4" - 0.045"- 1/4") 1/2"- (1/4" - 0.060"- 1/4") 5/8"- (3/8" - 0.030"- 1/4") 3/4"- (1/2" - 0.060"- 1/4")

1.00 .99 .97 .98 .97 .97 .95 .95 .94 .93 .93 .90

1.06 1.05 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.00 1.01 .99 .98 .99 .95

Insulating Glass

1/8" - 1/4" AS***- 1/8" 1/8" - 3/8" AS***- 1/8" 3/16" - 1" AS***- 3/16" 1/4" - 1/2" AS***- 1/4" 1/4" - 1" AS***- 1/4" 3/16" - 4" AS***- 3/16"

.62

.57

.54

.54

.52

.52

.57

.52

.48

.48

.48

.48 Laminated- Insulating Glass

1/8" - 0.030" - 1/8" - 3/8" AS*** - 3/16" 1/8" - 0.030" - 1/8" - 1/2" AS*** - 3/16" 1/8" - 0.030" - 1/8" - 1/2" AS*** - 1/4" 1/8" - 0.030" - 1/4" - 1/2" AS*** - 1/4" 1/8" - 0.030" - 1/8" - 1" AS*** - 3/16" 1/8" - 0.030" - 1/8" - 2" AS*** - 3/16" 1/4" - 0.030" - 1/4" - 2" AS*** - 3/8" 1/4" - 0.030" - 1/4" - 2" AS*** - 3/16" 1/8" - 0.030" - 1/8" - 4" AS*** - 3/16" 1/4" - 0.030" - 1/4" - 4" AS*** - 3/16" 1/4" - 0.030" - 1/4" - 4" AS*** - 3/8" 1/2" - 0.030" - 1/4" - 4" AS*** - 1/8"

.55

.53

.53

.53

.51

.51

.49

.50

.51

.50

.49

.49

.50

.48

.48

.47

.48

.48

.46

.47

.48

.47

.46

.46 Double Laminated- Insulating Glass

1/8" - 0.030" - 1/8" - 1/2" AS***- 1/8" - 0.030" - 1/8" 1/4" - 0.030" - 1/4" - 1" AS***- 1/8" - 0.060" - 1/8" 1/2" - 0.060" - 1/4" - 4" AS***- 1/4" - 0.030" - 1/4" 1/4" - 0.060" - 1/4" - 4" AS***- 1/4" - 0.030" - 1/4" 1/4" - 0.030" - 1/4" - 4" AS***- 1/8" - 0.060" - 1/8

.52

.49

.47

.48

.49

.47

.46

.44

.45

.46

U-Value Performance* U-Value** Glazing Configuration Summer Winter

Monolithic Glass

1/4" 1.2"

1.0 .97

1.08 1.03

Laminated Glass

1/4"- (Lami - 0.030"- Lami) 1/4"- (1/8" - 0.030"- 1/8") 1/4"- (1/8" - 0.060"- 1/8") 1/4"- (1/8" - 0.045"- 1/8")

3/8"- (3/16" - 0.030"- 3/16") 3/8"- (1/4" - 0.030"- 1/8") 3/8"- (1/4" - 0.060"- 1/8") 1/2"- (1/4" - 0.030"- 1/4") 1/2"- (1/4" - 0.045"- 1/4") 1/2"- (1/4" - 0.060"- 1/4") 5/8"- (3/8" - 0.030"- 1/4") 3/4"- (1/2" - 0.060"- 1/4")

1.00 .99 .97 .98 .97 .97 .95 .95 .94 .93 .93 .90

1.06 1.05 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.00 1.01 .99 .98 .99 .95

Insulating Glass

1/8" - 1/4" AS***- 1/8" 1/8" - 3/8" AS***- 1/8" 3/16" - 1" AS***- 3/16" 1/4" - 1/2" AS***- 1/4" 1/4" - 1" AS***- 1/4"

3/16" - 4" AS***- 3/16"

.62

.57

.54

.54

.52

.52

.57

.52

.48

.48

.48

.48 Laminated- Insulating

Glass

1/8" - 0.030" - 1/8" - 3/8" AS*** - 3/16" 1/8" - 0.030" - 1/8" - 1/2" AS*** - 3/16" 1/8" - 0.030" - 1/8" - 1/2" AS*** - 1/4" 1/8" - 0.030" - 1/4" - 1/2" AS*** - 1/4" 1/8" - 0.030" - 1/8" - 1" AS*** - 3/16" 1/8" - 0.030" - 1/8" - 2" AS*** - 3/16" 1/4" - 0.030" - 1/4" - 2" AS*** - 3/8" 1/4" - 0.030" - 1/4" - 2" AS*** - 3/16" 1/8" - 0.030" - 1/8" - 4" AS*** - 3/16" 1/4" - 0.030" - 1/4" - 4" AS*** - 3/16" 1/4" - 0.030" - 1/4" - 4" AS*** - 3/8" 1/2" - 0.030" - 1/4" - 4" AS*** - 1/8"

.55

.53

.53

.53

.51

.51

.49

.50

.51

.50

.49

.49

.50

.48

.48

.47

.48

.48

.46

.47

.48

.47

.46

.46 Double

Laminated- Insulating

Glass

1/8" - 0.030" - 1/8" - 1/2" AS***- 1/8" - 0.030" - 1/8"

1/4" - 0.030" - 1/4" - 1" AS***- 1/8" - 0.060" - 1/8"

1/2" - 0.060" - 1/4" - 4" AS***- 1/4" - 0.030" - 1/4"

1/4" - 0.060" - 1/4" - 4" AS***- 1/4" - 0.030" - 1/4"

1/4" - 0.030" - 1/4" - 4" AS***- 1/8" - 0.060" - 1/8

.52

.49

.47

.48

.49

.47

.46

.44

.45

.46

This diagram shows the effect of painting some of the room walls with the black color on the quantity of light at the point x.

3-Day-lighting Design Factors

Primary Objectives

The report to be published on completion of this research in August 2001 should assist the reader to:

• Understand the benefits of utilising natural lighting in sports halls; Appreciate that daylighting can contribute significantly to the energy efficiency of a sports hall; Appreciate that daylighting can contribute significantly to the architectural opportunities of a sports hall; Communicate to clients the importance of daylighting to running costs savings;

• Appreciate good practice in natural lighting design in general and in sports halls in particular, and its integration with artificial lighting and other building services;

• Understand the requirements and constraints of individual activities and standards of play, in relation to patterns of use, lighting levels, variations in light quantity, subjective responses and spatial needs;

• Understand and be able to access the guidance, tools and techniques available for daylighting design;

• Be capable of making informed decisions to assist in designing a sports hall that uses daylighting without detriment to the activities;

• Understand the requirements and constraints of different design and control strategies, in relation to building operation and maintenance;

• Work creatively with others disciplines [architect, engineer, qs and client] in the design process.

Natural daylight can effectively be used to displace the illumination and energy demands of a conventional mechanical lighting system during suitable periods of daylight.

The BRE derived simplified DF formula is given as follows:

DF = CG AG θ τ AIS (1 -ρ ρ 2 )

Where: DF =Daylight Factor CG =Glazing obstruction coefficient (dirt or barriers to light transmission) AG =Area of glazing θ =Angle of visible sky τ =Glazing transmission factor AIS =Area of internal surfaces ρ =Area weighted average reflectance of room surfaces When average daylight factors greater than 5%are achieved,this indicates effective use of daylight.As a result of these “high”daylight factors,artificial lighting is mainly used during periods of night-time/ darkness and for specific tasks requiring high illuminance.As daylight would be the major lighting component for this environment,this does not justify the installation of expensive,complex artificial lighting control circuitry as financial savings would be considerably smaller than the capital outlay and installation costs associated with this type of control. When average daylight factors between 2%and 5%are achieved careful consideration should be given to the planned lighting installation and control strategy to take full advantage of the daylight when available. The lighting strategies for these environments require omprehensive control and can justify the installation of a complex system. When average daylight factors are less than 2%,this indicates that natural day-lighting would not be effective in illuminating the environment and artificial lighting would be operational for the majority of the day, therefore care should be taken to ensure an energy efficient lighting design is developed.

Lighting Control: When incorporating natural daylight within buildings,it is important that a complimentary active control system is installed.To maximise energy savings,the control system should be a proportional system directly linked to the artificial lighting system so that the lighting output will vary inversely with daylight availability.Over illumination should be minimised to reduce excessive energy loss,therefore,placing considerable importance on lamp choice and installation layout. Mounting of daylight sensors for the control system should be such that they are installed in locations representative of the task area and the set-points should reference the daylight incidental on the working plane.

4-GUIDELINES TO SPORTS LIGHTING

Increased leisure time,along with advancements in illuminating engineering design and technology,have brought about an increase in sporting events played and watched at night.Light source efficacies have more than doubled;drastically reducing the energy requirements of sports facilities in spite of increased illumi-nances to satisfy the elevated skill level of modern athletes. Associated with the improved illuminance levels are increased problems of glare and color rendering for better visual performance and quality television broadcasting.Sports lighting has outgrown the design by approximation,it requires sophisticated computer programs for application.This requires a thor-ough understanding of illuminating engineering principles and associated computer programs by the lighting designer. Class of Play As the skill level of play is elevated,players and spectators require a more criti-cally illuminated environment.There is a correlation between the size of a facility and the skill level of play,i.e.,the number of spectators is directly related to the skill level of play.To determine illumination criteria,facilities are grouped into fourclasses to satisfy the skill levels. Class I -for competition play before a large group of spectators. Due to the complexity of design for major stadiums requiring special design consideration, the criteria presented for this class will be for spectator capacity of 10,000 or less. Class II -for competition play with approximate spectator capacity of 4,000 to 6,000. Class III -for competition play without specific provisions for spectators.

for social and recreational play only.-Class IV

Natural light in swimming pools

is an increasingly attractive option for indoor aquatic facilkites.large windows or open fenestration can be energy-efficient ways to supplement artificial heat and lighting. However, natural light can be accompained by an undesirable partner _glare.glare rom poorly positioned window openings can turn competitive swimmers into unidentifiable anonymous silhouettes in front of coaches,spectors and television cameras. Reflections occur when light rays hit a surface and bounce off.the angle at which the ray hits the surface is equal to the angle at which it bounces off. We perceive the glare beacause of the highly reflective nature of water and the sharp contrast between the light from the windows or artificial light source and the relative darkness of the surrounding walls,celling and floor . The worst-case glare problem occur when viewers spectators,lifeguards_are positioned oppisite windows.wall openings or artificial lighting with the pool in between. Contrasting elements of light and dark can shed unwanted reflections on water’s surface any time the light source is within the field of vision of the viewer. Solving glare problems is frequantly simple .if light can be provided without the river experiencing light and dark contrasts in his or her field of vision, the most objectionable glare will be eliminated.the most commen architectural solution in constucting new competitive venus is to place the windows or other fenestration behind the spectator sands so light washes over the ceiling to the far wall and down to the pool dack.as shown in the figure below:

by positioning the light source dehind the viewers,out of their line of vission,intense of reflections and glare problems are avodid.

Windows and open fenestration on oppisite walls can be controlled by

cosucting opaque wall,partitions(as in the figure below):

or facades,soffits or baffles(as in the figure below)to block the direct light,allowing indirect,deflected light to bounce off the structure and spell into

the nataorium space.

In designing these features,careful considration should be given to wall coloring,using combinations of light and dark surfaces areas to maximize the

effectiveness ot the indirect natural light.

Glare caused by end-wall lighting is not as serve as that created by oppisite-wall lighting,but it can be a problem,particularly for compotitive swimmers

performing the breaststoke,backstroke or butterfly. An attractive solution to end-wall lighting problems is a wall design using saw-tooth panels to direct light away from the water.(as shown in the figure below):

Sky light are usually not problematic, since the angle of reflection from an over head source is normally not great enough to be an issue (as in the figure

below):

If glare compromises the view from high spectator seating, however, a recessed clerstory can be installed to achieve top-lighting with the same indirect benefits as achieved with baffles(asshown in the figure below):

the preferred positioning, then,for overhead lighting in a competitive pool enviroment is directly above the water surface.this is particulary important for pools wihout underwater lighting. Casting light straight down penetrates the deep water most efficiently and creates aminimum of shadows.at greater angles, more of light is reflected off the water surfae, casting bigger shadows from the pool edge and causing the bottom of the pool to appear darker. The relation between the pool and the building surrounding it and we take in care not to construct buildings which could make shadows so as not to affect the vision of the attendance and the players.

The relationship between the sun and the jumping pannel (منصة القفز).

1- Oita Main Stadium: location: Kyoto,Tokyo Usage of natural light: Skylight and Materials.

• To give the field adequate sunlight exposure, the elliptical roof opening runs along the north-south axis.

• The stationary portion of the roof is clad in titanium, giving it a futuristic appearance. The noticeable interior lightness is thanks to the Teflon panels of the movable roof structure.

• The use of ultra-modern Teflon membrane panels with 25% light-permeability removes the need for artificial lighting during daylight hours.

Natural light direction