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(Design) Principles
• User-centric • Task-centric • Responsive to environmental
needs • Situation-aware • Process-driven - Show and tell
ask evaluate
Optimisation of processes and minimisation of sensory, psychological and process loads
User Needs& Activities
Structure
Technology
Aesthetics
Des
ign
Proc
ess
- G
roun
d-up
User Interaction - Top-down
A description of interactionshappening between the driverand the vehicle.
cycle defines the user experience.This diagram shows the basic design process, as an adaptation of the Abstraction Hierarchy (AH) model of product/interaction design. The design process and the user expectations always move in opposite directions and hence, it becomes extremely important to start from both ends.
The Automotive Experience Stack
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LoadsLITERATURE STUDY24
Nat iona l Inst itute of DesignDriver Cogn it ion and the Sense of Time
LITERATURE STUDY 25
Ksh it ish Puroh it Transportat ion & Automob ile Design PGDPD 07
The driver is the human component of the vehicle system, which is responsible for maintaining vehicle path and speed while in motion. This is achieved through an interaction between the driver’s visual, cognitive & psychomotor actions (which form the constituents of the driving task system).
The task is accomplished at three different adaptation levels – strategic, tactical & operational. While the task at the strategic level involves route planning and other navigational aspects, tactical and operational levels directly involve the driver’s visual, cognitive and psychomotor abilities. Tactical sub-tasks involve negotiating speed limits, maintaining time-headway etc (control). Operational sub-tasks are concerned w ith the driver’s cognitive abilities such as seeking information at traffic intersections, increased attention while taking turns etc (guidance). At each of the three levels, the driving task involves formation of microstrategies, involving the driver’s aforemen-tioned abilities. M icrostrategies are information processing activities at the cardinal level, i.e, when the time required for an action is of the order of 1-100 ms.
Consider a rather complicated scenario where a driver has to take a detour through a residential road, where while taking a U-turn, a child comes in the way to catch his football. Taking the detour involves planning an alternate route that’ll take the driver to his/her destination w ith minimal delay. Driving through the residential neighbourhood is a tactical task as the driver needs to negotiate speeds and time-headways ow ing to the population distribution (vehicular as well as human) on the residential road. While taking the U-turn, the task demands increased attention (seek-ing road extremity, watching out for intervening traffic etc) in addition to the reduced speed.
The child appearing in front of the car suddenly is a hazard to both the driver and the child. This requires the driver to first perceive the situation as a hazard, and apply brakes immediately at a safe gap from the child. A lso, the driver needs to make sure that his/her sudden braking does not put the traffic behind his/her vehicle to an abrupt stop (which in most cases is inevitable) and that there is no damage to any
entity on the road.
At each level of the above-mentioned scenario, the driver is confronted w ith situations that need not necessarily conform to his/her expectancies. In such cases, the perception of events (in space and time) imposes a greater load on the driver’s information processing activities and hence, demands greater attention. In turn, this increased load on information processing increases the driver’s reaction time.
The driving task, hence, is a task that involves continuous strategy formation – essentially to opt im ize t ime – and in cases of impulse situations as the one consid-ered above, immediate action to optimize safety in the situation.
The behavior of a driver in different situations can be explained through the Recognition-Primed Decision Making (RPD) model. The model defines “ typicality” in terms of expectancies, courses of action, goals and relevant cues in the environment. In case of routine activities, the situation is recognized as typical, and the course of action is, generally, obvious to the user.
DrivingTask
Navigat ion
Strateg ic
Operat iona l
Tact ica lEnvironment
Contro lGu idance
The Driving Task - Level 2The driving task system show ing operational, tactical & strategic components.
Microstrategies and Recognition
What are the various load components while driving?
3
The HMI/Vehicle Universe as a Whole
Display Controls Space Access Environment
• Shows critical information about the task being performed
• Alerts the users multi-sensorally
• Allow manipulation of the task being performed
• Allow users to take critical actions
• Provide a comfortable and stress-free work environment
• Provide efficient ingress/egress with the outer environment
• The universe as a whole :)
How do you define the context for various on-road scenarios?
- Buses have passengers as well as operators - Cars are a personalised user experience - Locomotives are isolated experiences, spanning for hours and days
The Context
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The Interface Product Experience
Action/Information
Presentation
CommunicationExperience
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How to Begin
Start with questions:
- What are the expected actions? - What information is needed to execute these actions? - How do you communicate this information? - What is the experience desired?
Define criticality:
- How critical are these actions? - What is the most critical action and why? - How do you communicate the criticality without hindering the user’s main task?
How does the HMI seamlessly fit into the users’ mental models and his/her familiar ways of performing tasks?
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The Design Process
Display Controls Space Access Environment
• Shows critical information about the task being performed
• Alerts the users multi-sensorally
• Allow manipulation of the task being performed
• Allow users to take critical actions
• Provide a comfortable and stress-free work environment
• Provide efficient ingress/egress with the outer environment
• The universe as a whole :)
• Are all my informational needs being addressed?
• How many modes of communication is the system using?
• Is it adding to my cognitive load?
• How accessible are the controls?
• How much body movement is needed to operate them?
• Am I able to operate without fatigue or pains?
• Do I feel in control of the task when I’m in the space?
• How accessible is the exit in case of an emergency?
• Does the entry welcome me?
• Are environmental cues accessible to me at all times?
• Am I able to refine my judgements based on what I see, hear, smell or feel?
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Analysis Methods
• Hierarchical Task Analysis • Drury’s Matrix • Allocation of Function • Heuristic Evaluation • Automation - MABA/MABA • Anthropometric Study
Any method that makes sense logically, and doesn’t just rely on intuition!
TASK ANALYSIS - The Driving Task
ClutchBrake
Accelerator
Instrument PanelAuxilliary Panel
Gearshift Lever
Auxilliary Lever
Parking Brake
Ignition SwitchTurn Indicator
Steering Wheel
Link AnalysisA link diagram based on the hierarchical task model. The
analysis. The dotted nodes show the monitoring elements.
Workspace SchematicGeneral schematic for a 4-wheeler interface. A detailed link analysis was carried out for the same.
Start the vehicleStarting the vehicle mainly needs static mental models and training knowledge of the driving task.
MonitorMonitoring is the task that requires judgements and dynamic mental models. The yellow shaded triangle shows the monitoring area and the lines show the actions associ-ated with the monitoring task.
Stop the vehicleStopping the vehicle also needs training knowledge on when to press the brakes and by what amounts.
Repeated component usage is a major cause of fatigue and bodily pain/discomfort.
The auxilliary panel (clock etc.) are often outside the cone of vision.
TASK ANALYSIS - The Driving Task
ClutchBrake
Accelerator
Instrument PanelAuxilliary Panel
Gearshift Lever
Auxilliary Lever
Parking Brake
Ignition SwitchTurn Indicator
Steering Wheel
Link AnalysisA link diagram based on the hierarchical task model. The
analysis. The dotted nodes show the monitoring elements.
Workspace SchematicGeneral schematic for a 4-wheeler interface. A detailed link analysis was carried out for the same.
Start the vehicleStarting the vehicle mainly needs static mental models and training knowledge of the driving task.
MonitorMonitoring is the task that requires judgements and dynamic mental models. The yellow shaded triangle shows the monitoring area and the lines show the actions associ-ated with the monitoring task.
Stop the vehicleStopping the vehicle also needs training knowledge on when to press the brakes and by what amounts.
Repeated component usage is a major cause of fatigue and bodily pain/discomfort.
The auxilliary panel (clock etc.) are often outside the cone of vision.
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An Example9
Considerations
• The vehicle is either moving, or performing some task - there is no ‘leisure time’!
• Safety is a universal concern - how do you balance attention and distraction?
• Mistakes can be critical - how do you minimise errors in judgement?
• The process is expensive - how do you prepare efficient testing methods for automotive HMI?
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Examples
soilworktwo lives worth of reckoning
the panic broadcasteq metal
04:32 PM 04:32 PM24°C
soilworktwo lives worth o...the panic broadc...
eq metal
All-touch integrated control panel (ICP)
for Mahindra Xylo
Switch-bank integrated control panel (ICP)
(entry segment)
Touch-panel, non-touch display integrated control panel (ICP)
(mid segment)
Touch-panel, touch-display integrated control panel (ICP)
(high segment)
11
