AUTOMOTIVE BATTERYTRAINING MANUAL

ISO 9001QS 9000

CONTENTSPage

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 1

HOW A BATTERY WORKS 2

BATTERY CONSTRUCTION 3

BATTERY RATINGS 5

EFFECTS DURING DISCHARGE 5

EFFECTS DURING CHARGING 6

BATTERY CARE AND MAINTENANCE 7

COMMON BATTERY KILLERS 9

NEW BATTERY INSTALLATION 9

TESTING 10

CLAIMS ADJUDICATION PROCEDURES 12

WARRANTY ASSESSMENT WITHOUT 'SMART TESTER’ 13

DOCUMENTATION PROCEDURE 14

JUMP STARTING 14

The wording, artwork and trade marks used herein are the subjects of statutory protection including copyright inthe name of First National Battery Company (Proprietary) Limited. All rights herein are reserved and no part of thisAutomotive Battery Training Manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means howsoeverand whether electronically or mechanically and including photocopying, recording or by any information storage orretrieval system, without the prior written permission from First National Battery Company (Proprietary) Limited.

The information appearing in this Automotive Battery Training Manual is intended to be of a general nature onlyand whilst every effort has been made to include accurate and current information, errors can occur. The infor-mation herein contained is intended as a guide only and relevant professional advice must be taken should adefinitive analysis of any particular problem be required. First National Battery Company (Proprietary) Limitedaccordingly disclaims any responsibility / liability for any loss, damage, injury or expense howsoever arising out ofor in connection with the use of or the reliance upon the information so provided or the omission thereof and/orany errors herein contained. Please note that certain brands of products as identified herein may only be availablefor supply in certain territories in the sole discretion of First National Battery Company (Proprietary) Limited.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONSBatteries contain dilute sulphuric acid. They also emit hydrogen gas which can produce an explosivemixture. Therefore this first section of the manual deals with safety precautions to be followed whenworking with batteries. Specific safety precautions will be mentioned throughout the manual whereapplicable.

HANDLING BATTERY ACIDWhen working with acid wear a face shield. If many batteries are to be handled, protective clothing isadvisable.

Use extreme care to avoid spillage or splashing as it can destroy clothing and if not treated promptlycause damage to the skin. Be especially cautious when lifting batteries with polypropylene containersas pressure on the end walls could result in acid being ejected through the vent plugs. If acid is spiltonto clothing or the skin it should be neutralised immediately using a solution of baking soda or house-hold ammonia and water and then rinsed using clean water.

If acid enters the eye, force the eye open and flood with cool, clean water for approximately fifteen min-utes. If acid is swallowed drink large quantities of water or milk. Follow with milk of magnesia. Obtainmedical advice as soon as possible. Do not encourage vomiting.

Electrolyte spilt on the surface of the car should be neutralised and rinsed with clean water. We do notrecommend the dilution of concentrated sulphuric acid by non-qualified personnel. In any event, bat-teries are supplied in a filled and charged condition and should never require acid to be added exceptin the case of spillage. Under such circumstances advice should be sought from the battery manufac-turer.

DANGER OF EXPLOSIONSBATTERIES EXPEL EXPLOSIVE GASES. KEEP SPARKS, FLAMES, BURNING CIGARETTES OR OTHERIGNITION SOURCES AWAY FROM THE BATTERY AT ALL TIMES. ALWAYS WEAR SAFETY GOGGLESOR A FACE SHIELD WHEN WORKING NEAR BATTERIES.

Only allow trained personnel to work on a battery. They should know and observe the safety precau-tions detailed in this manual. They should be familiar with the procedures to be followed if they attemptto charge or test a battery or jump start a vehicle. The manufacturer’s instructions must be followedwhen any equipment such as a charger or tester is used. Hydrogen and oxygen are produced as a partof the operation of the battery. These gases produce an explosive mixture within the battery and escapethrough the vents. Many modern batteries incorporate a flame arrester but it is still essential to keep anyform of ignition well away from the battery. An exploding battery can cause severe injury from flyingpieces of container and acid. Always wear safety goggles or a face shield when working near a bat-tery. Avoid leaning over the battery when charging, testing, 'jump starting’, connecting or disconnect-ing. Do not break 'live’ circuits at the terminals of the battery as this invariably causes a spark to be pro-duced at the point where the circuit is broken. Ensure that the charger cable clamps or 'jump start’leads are in good order and the connections are good. A poor connection can cause an electrical arcwhich can ignite the hydrogen gas and cause an explosion.

Avoid dropping tools across the terminals and use insulated spanners. Do not smoke or bring anynaked flame near the battery.

CHARGING A BATTERYThe battery should be charged in a well ventilated area. Do not remove the vent plugs during chargeexcept when taking readings of specific gravity or topping up, if required.

Follow the charger manufacturer’s instructions.

Make sure that the charger is switched off before connecting to the battery. Connect the charger leadsto the battery terminals with the red positive (+) lead to the positive terminal and the black or blue neg-

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negative (-) lead to the negative terminal. The battery should not be charged whilst still connected tothe vehicle as the voltages reached during charge can damage the vehicle’s electrical system.

Never touch the charger leads while the charger is switched on. This could break the circuit creating aspark which could result in an explosion.

JUMP STARTING AN ENGINEEach step in the procedure "Jump Starting an Engine” as described on page 14 must be followed care-fully. Failure to do so could result in a) acid damage due to gushing of electrolyte through the vents, b)explosion of one of the batteries or c) damage to the electrical system of one or both vehicles.

HOW A BATTERY WORKSWhen two dissimilar conducting materials (electrodes) are immersed in a solution capable of conduct-ing electricity (an electrolyte) one will become positively charged and the other negatively. The ends ofthe electrodes protruding above the electrolyte are known as the positive and negative terminals andthe whole unit is called a cell. Connecting the terminals with a wire will cause an electrical current toflow through the wire from the positive to the negative terminal.

The potential difference or electrical pressure between the terminals is dependent upon the materialsof the electrodes and the electyrolyte and is measured in volts.

PRIMARY CELLSIn a torch battery the electrodes comprise the positive carbon rod in the centre of the cell and the neg-ative zinc container with a jelly electrolyte of ammonium chloride. The potential of the cell is approxi-mately 1.5 volts. During use the zinc is slowly dissolved in the production of the current, and when it orthe ammonium chloride is exhausted, the flow of current ceases and the cell must be discarded. Suchcells are termed primary or non-rechargeable.

SECONDARY CELLSThe lead acid cell belongs to the group termed secondary or re-chargeable. Here the electrodes are alead dioxide positive, a sponge lead negative and a dilute sulphuric acid electrolyte. During dischargecurrent flows and positive and negative electrodes convert to lead sulphate and absorb sulphate ionsfrom the solution reducing the electrolyte to water. Unlike the torch cell, the lead-acid cell is reversibleand may be restored to its original condition by passing electricity through the cell in the opposite direc-tion from which it was removed. This reverses the reactions in the cell, converting the lead sulphate inthe plates back into their original active materials and returning the sulphate ions to the electrolyte.

Lead acid cells have a potential of approximately 2 volts irrespective of size. Larger cells will have ahigher capacity and deliver the same current for longer or higher current for the same period than small-er cells. Cells may be connected in series (i.e. the negative of one cell to the positive of the next) to givehigher voltages. Thus three cells connected in series will give a "battery' of cells having a nominal volt-age of 6 volts. Similarly six cells connected in series will produce a 12 volt battery.

PURPOSE OF THE BATTERYThe three main functions of the automotive battery are to:

1) Supply power to the starter and ignition system so that the engine can be cranked and started.

2) Supplement the charger system when load requirements exceed the supply capability of the alter-nator.

3) Act as a voltage stabiliser in the electrical system. The battery smooths out or reduces temporarilyhigh voltages (transients) which may occur in the system, thereby protecting voltage sensitive com-ponents.

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BATTERY CONSTRUCTION

CONTAINER

Locally manufactured - polypropylene (virginand recycled material is used) - durable - heatand cold resistant - resists acid attack.

THE GRIDS

Pure lead is too soft for grid manufacture, so itis alloyed with a small percentage of antimonyfor strength. The negative plates of the hybridbatteries consist of a lead calcium alloy - this isa major technical development.

• The purpose of the grids is to provide a sup-porting framework for the active material andalso to conduct current.

• Low antimony alloys (<2%) are used in low maintenance batteries. This reduces gassing. “No main-tenance” batteries are low in antimony but still need "topping-up” in exceptional circumstances.

• Grid designs vary but generally place more metal where current density is greatest.

PASTINGThe positive and negative grids are made by pasting them with a muddy mixture of lead oxide, sul-phuric acid and water.

• Fibre additives give cohesion (stickability) to keep activematerial connected to the cast 'grid'.

• Expanders are added to the negative plate paste to pre-vent the negative material from contracting during oper-ation and changing into a dense inactive state, whichwould inhibit the constant chemical reaction in normaloperation i.e. it keeps the plates spongy.

• The paste is mechanically applied and the plates then goon a conveyor through a flash drying oven which driesthe surface of the plates to prevent them sticking togeth-er.

• Positive plates are now green/yellow

• Negative plates slightly grey due to expander materialand binders

• The plates are stacked in a controlled temperature andhumid environment to cure for 2 days. Curing stabilisesthe plates chemically. An exothermic reaction takesplace, converting any free lead in the paste to lead oxide.

- cells are completelyisolated from one anoth-er

- built in sediment trapreduces shorts’ fromshed material

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CELLS ARE NUMBERED 1-2-3-4-5-6 WITH NO. 1 BEINGON THE POSITIVE TERMINAL SIDE OF THE COVER.

RECTILINEAR CENTRE LUG RADIAL

RADIAL

TREE

SEPARATORS (ENVELOPE)Thin porous sheets with insulating abilities envelope positive plates to prevent shorting.

• Fine pores allow free electrolyte movement around and through the separators

• Ribs allow gas bubbles to surface and as the positive plate needs 1,6 times as much electrolyteas the negative to operate, ribs point towards positive plate.

• The most common separator in use is the envelope separator, where alternative plates are encasedin a heat sealed polyethylene envelope. A technological breakthrough with many advantages.

ELEMENTS• Stacks of varying numbers of plates and separators are held together and the lugs are welded

together to form cell packs called elements.

• It is customary to have a negative plate on each end of the element (STANDARD RATIO). when theend plates are positive we call it a REVERSE RATIO battery.

• Terminal posts are formed on the first and last cell elements.

• High voltage tests are performed on all elements.

• More plates = more surface area = greater capacity = higher cranking capacity.

• Cells are inserted into containers and welded through holes in the cell partitions in series leadingto a low resistance path. Open circuit voltage is 2,1V per element - regardless of size.

Therefore 6 cells = 12,6

3 cells = 6,3 volts

• The cover with pre-cast posts is heat bonded to the container and compressed air checked forleaks (ongoing quality control).

• Finally the two posts are fused by molten lead forming the terminal.

FORMING– The battery is now ready for transport in a dry unformed state (green).

– 'Formation’ is achieved by pouring electrolyte into each cell and leaving it to saturate the plates -after which the battery is put on charge for a specified time.

– Forming electrochemically changes the lead oxide of the positive plates into lead dioxide (darkchocolate brown colour) - at the same time the lead oxide of the negative plate converts into a greysponge lead.

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Formation

PosPlate

NegPlate

PosPlate

NegPlate

(Similar metals)

(Dissimilar metals)

Pb0 Pb0

Pb02 Pb H2SO4 (Electrolyte)

plate

plate

envelope separator, ribs to positive

-

+

TERMINALS• Tapered terminals are standard. Positive post top diameter is 17,5mm, i.e. slightly larger than neg-

ative post top diameter of 15,9mm. Ford lugs are available on certain batteries.

BATTERY RATINGSAutomotive batteries are rated according to 3 different tests. The COLD CRANKING PERFORMANCE,the RESERVE CAPACITY and the 20-HOUR CAPACITY tests.

COLD CRANKING PERFORMANCEThe primary function of the battery is to start the engine. It accomplishes this by rotating the crankshaft(cranking) and providing electrical power to activate the ignition system until the engine fires and starts.This requires a high current over a short period of time. Because the current requirement is higher whenthe engine is cold and the performance of the battery has less power when it is cold the cranking rat-ing is specified as:

The discharge load in amperes which a battery at -18oC can deliver for 60 seconds without the voltagedropping below 1.40 volts per cell.

The “Cold Cranking Amperes” is often abbreviated to CCA’s.

RESERVE CAPACITYIn the event of the charging system failing the battery may be called upon to provide the electricalpower to enable the vehicle to be driven for a short distance. The Reserve Capacity gives an indicationof the battery ability to supply the minimum load under the worst conditions (i.e. winter driving at night).This could require current for ignition, low beam headlights, windscreen wipers and defrosting.The Reserve Capacity Rating is defined as:

The number of minutes a new fully charged battery at 25oC can be discharged at 25 amperes to a min-imum voltage of 1.75 volts per cell.

20-HOUR CAPACITYThe 20-hour capacity is the current in amperes which a 12 volt battery can supply for a period of 20hours while maintaining a voltage at greater than 1.75 volts per cell.

EFFECTS DURING DISCHARGEELECTROLYTEAs the battery discharges, the sulphate ions from the acid combine with the lead and lead dioxide onthe plates. The acid strength is thus reduced and the specific gravity reduces. If sufficient active mate-rial was present to consume all the sulphate the acid would ultimately be reduced to water. In thecharged state the electrolyte has specific gravity of 1.270 (i.e. its weight is 1.270 kg per litre, as againstwater which weighs 1 kg per litre). When discharged the specific gravity of the electrolyte in the batterywill have fallen to 1.150 or even lower. This change in density is readily shown by testing the electrolytewith a hydrometer. The hydrometer reading indicates the state of charge of the battery by showing theamount of acid remaining in the electrolyte, the balance having been absorbed by the plates.

PLATESThe acid within the plates reacts with the sponge lead on the negatives and the lead dioxide on thepositives to form lead sulphate. The other product of the chemical reaction is water which then has todiffuse from the plates to allow for replacement acid to come into contact with the active material inorder for the discharge to continue.

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When a battery is discharged at a high rate, say500 amps, the rate of usage of acid exceedsthe rate of diffusion so that the battery voltagerapidly falls away.At low rates of discharge diffusion is able to takelace resulting in the current being maintained ata relatively constant voltage for long periods.

During discharge the lead sulphate is formed asminute crystals which are readily convertedwhen recharged into their original components.If the plates are allowed to stand in a dis-chargedstate for prolonged periods the smallcrystals dissolve and deposit on larger onescausing them to grow. This process continuesand the large crystals push against each other exerting enormous pressures resulting in distortion orbuckling of the plates. In extreme cases the buckling may lead to the plates cutting through the sepa-rators causing short circuits. Even prior to the plates buckling it may become impossible to rechargethe battery due to the poor conductivity of the large sulphate crystals.

TEMPERATUREHigh temperatures increase the available output of the battery by stimulating the chemical reactionsand reducing the electrolyte density so that it penetrates the pores of the plates more readily. High tem-peratures also cause destructive attack on the grids and negative active material, thus shortening life.It is commonly accepted that an increase in average electrolyte temperature of 10oC will reduce the lifeby half. In high temperature environments the destructive effects may be reduced by lowering the spe-cific gravity of the electrolyte.

Low temperatures have the opposite effect on discharges resulting in the acid becoming denser andthis makes it sluggish in penetrating the pores of the plates whilst the chemical reaction is slowed down.On the other hand, the attack on the battery components is reduced.

Whilst under normal circumstances the electrolyte will not freeze at low temperatures, the battery mustnot be allowed to discharge excessively as the weakened electrolyte could freeze.

EFFECTS DURING CHARGINGELECTROLYTEAs the battery is recharged the sulphate ions are released from the plates and, because the resultantelectrolyte is denser than the weakened electrolyte, falls to the bottom of the cell and does not mix withthe electrolyte at the top. Therefore it will be found that the specific gravity does not increase for a longtime after charging is started.

At commencement of charge the voltage of each cell is about 2.1 volts per cell and this slowly increas-es as the active materials accept the charge and convert from lead sulphate to sponge lead (negative)and lead dioxide (positive). When the cells reach about 2.35 volts gassing will commence.

Gassing is formed as a result of the current passed through the cells not being fully utilised in convert-ing the active materials. The excess current causes hydrolysis to take place, breaking water into its con-stituent gasses, hydrogen and oxygen. The evolution of gasses stirs the electrolyte and the denser layerin the bottom of the cell mixes with the upper layers producing a sharp increase in the specific gravity.

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CHEMICAL REACTIONS DURING THE DIS-CHARGE

ELECTROLYTE – THE SULPHATE OF SULPHURIC ACIDUNITES WITH ACTIVE MATERIALS ON PLATES LEAVINGWEAKER ACID SOLUTION – HYDROGEN OF ACID, AND OXY-

SEPARATOR

STARTER

IGNITION

LIGHTS

HORN

NEGATIVEPLATESPONGE LEAD

POSITIVE PLATELEAD PEROX-IDE

VOLTAGEAs the cell voltage approaches and passes the gassing point there is a sharp increase in cell voltage.At end of charge the charge voltages will level out at approximately 2.7 volts.

TEMPERATURE

Provided that the charge current is not exces-sive the temperature of the battery remains rel-atively constant until gassing commences. Upto this point the current is utilised effectively inchemical conversion of the active materials butbeyond this it is partially wasted in gassing andcausing temperature increases in the cells. Asthe temperature increases the voltage of thecell decreases. This can result in the chargingcurrent increasing which in turn increases tem-perature. This forms a vicious circle known asthermal runaway having disastrous effect onthe battery.

CONSTANT RATE DISCHARGE AND CHARGE GRAPH

Typical Voltage and Gravity Characteristics during a constant rate discharge and recharge.

BATTERY CARE AND MAINTENANCEModern batteries are designed to give long and trouble free life. The length of this life, however, isdependent on the manner in which the battery is treated in service.

A battery should be kept clean.A battery should be kept correctly charged.A battery should have the electrolyte kept at the correct level.A battery should not be exposed to excessive shocks or vibrations.

CLEANLINESSA dirty battery tends to hold moisture on the external surface, providing a conductor for electrical

cur-rent to leak to earth. This discharges the battery and causes the terminal clamp and nearby metal-

CHEMICAL REACTIONS DURING THE CHARGE

NEGATIVE PLATELEAD SULPHATECHANGES TO SPONGE LEAD.SULPHATE RETURNSTO ELECTROLYTE.

POSITIVE PLATELEAD SULPHATECHANGES TO LEAD PEROXIDE.SULPHATE RETURNSTO ELECTROLYTE.

VERY DILUTE ELECTROLYTE MADE STRONGERBY RETURN OF SULPHATE FROM PLATES.

ALTERNATOROR CHARGER

—

–

+

+

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current to leak to earth. This discharges the battery and causes the terminal clamp and nearby metal-work to corrode. Therefore it is essential to keep the outside surfaces of a battery free from contamina-tion.

Corrosion will cause a high resistance at connections and although current may flow to run lights etc.it may produce sufficiently high volt drops and prevent engine starting. Corroded connecting surfacesshould be cleaned lightly with a fine abrasive and smeared with petroleum jelly or non-oxide greasebefore re-connecting.

ELECTROLYTEThe term “maintenance free” indicates that under normal operating conditions, the battery should notrequire topping up. However the electrolyte level can drop to below the plates if a) the alternator regu-lator allows the battery voltage to go to too high a level b) if the operating temperature is very high orc) the life of the battery is above that normally expected.

Consequently the level should be checked at least every twelve months and, if it is only just above theplates, topped up to the maximum level with water.

Only approved water should be used for topping. Tap water may contain harmful contaminants such aschlorine.

Acid should never need to be added to the battery unless there has been spillage. Under normal cir-cumstances only water is lost from the battery. If spillage occurs the battery manufacturer should beconsulted for instructions.

Excessive water usage could indicate that the voltage regulator is incorrectly set.

SULPHATIONIn the normal operation of a battery the plates are converted to lead sulphate each time it is discharged.The sulphate takes the form of fine crystals which are easily and completely converted on recharging.However, if the plates are allowed to stand in a discharged state for a long period, the “temporary sul-phate” may become “permanent sulphate” and become impossible to remove.

The formation of permanent sulphate is accompanied by the growth of large crystals leading to unevenexpansion of the plates and eventual buckling.

“Permanent” sulphation is caused by:

a) Operating a battery in a low state of charge for lengthy periods.

b) Allowing the battery to stand in a discharged state for a long period.

c) Leaving a charged battery for long periods without regular recharges.

A possible remedy for a sulphated battery is to charge at 1 amp for seven until the specific gravitieshave reached maximum and constant levels (whichever is the longer). Rest periods of 8 hours or longerbetween charging are also helpful. The level of specific gravity at this point will indicate the limit ofrecovery with a fully recovered battery having specific gravities around 1.270.

Note: The use of additives is not recommended. Despite numerous tests over many years there hasnever been any convincing evidence that these concoctions have any merit and some contain elementsthat are positively harmful to healthy batteries.

INSUFFICIENT CHARGINGInsufficient charging will cause permanent sulphation because the temporary sulphate is not com-pletely removed from the plates during recharge allowing the remainder to convert to permanent sul-phate (see Sulphation).

BATTERY LEFT IDLEA battery left idle in a discharged state for a lengthy period encourages the formation of permanent sul-phate and accompanying damage to the plates.

If the battery is to be taken out of service and left idle, the electrolyte must be maintained at the correctlevel and it should be fully recharged at a low rate every six to eight weeks.

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SPECIFIC GRAVITY TOO HIGHIf the specific gravity of the electrolyte exceeds 1.300 it will result in increased chemical reaction caus-ing deterioration of the plates and separators and shortening the life of the battery.

OVERCHARGINGOvercharging is charging beyond the time necessary to fully charge the battery or charging at too higha current for the particular battery. It causes corrosion of the positive grid causing them to fracture andreducing their ability to carry the starting current.

Overcharging is usually accompanied by heavy gassing which dislodges active material from the pos-itive plates. This then deposits in the bottom of the container and can lead to short circuiting betweenthe plates.

Overcharging also results in high temperatures which leads to rapid deterioration of the plates and sep-arators.

Buckling of the plates may also occur. This can result in perforation of the separators and internal shortcircuits.

COMMON CAUSES OF FAILUREOVERCHARGINGFaulty regulator settings resulting in severe overcharging causes the positive plates to disintegrate andthe battery to lose power.

UNDERCHARGINGFaulty regulator settings or a loose fan belt resulting in undercharging causes plates to sulphate andreduces performance. If left unattended for prolonged periods the sulphation becomes irreversible andthe battery permanently short of capacity.

DIRTY AND CORRODED TERMINALSFaulty connections produce high resistance and consequent voltage drops resulting in poor startingand charging efficiencies.

VIBRATIONBatteries that are not held securely will suffer excessive vibration which can dislodge active materialfrom the grid or break the inter-cell weld.

OVER-TIGHTENING OF CLAMPSExcessive tightening of hold-down clamps can cause the battery container to crack resulting leakageof electrolyte. Not only is the battery ruined, but other components are damaged due to corrosion fromthe acid.

INCORRECT FITMENT OF TERMINALSUsing force when fitting connections to the battery (e.g. hammering on of terminals to the battery pos-itive and negative poles) can damage the internal connections or damage the poles. Always loosenconnections properly with the correct size spanners before connecting or disconnecting the terminals.

NEW BATTERY INSTALLATIONPREPARATION OF NEW BATTERYCheck that the specific gravity is 1.250 or higher, or that the open circuit voltage is at least 2.10 voltsper cell. If below these levels fully charge the battery before fitting.

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REMOVING OLD BATTERYBefore removing the old battery, carefully note the location of the positive battery terminal and mark thepolarity on the positive cable. This will minimise the danger of installing the new battery reversed.Remove the “earth” terminal first to avoid damage to wiring or battery by accidentally “earthing” tools.

When removing or tightening nuts use the correct size spanners or wrench.

BATTERY TRAYAfter removal of the battery inspect the battery tray for acid damage and ensure that the tray and hold-downs are mechanically strong and free from corrosion. Corroded parts and cable terminals can becleaned with water (to which household ammonia or baking soda has been added) and scrubbing witha stiff brush. Corroded parts should be dried and painted.

CABLESExamine the cables to make certain the insulation is intact and that terminal and bolts are not corrod-ed. Replace all unserviceable parts.

INSTALLATIONMake sure there are no foreign objects such as a loose nut or stone lying in the bottom of the tray. Thesecould wear through the battery casing causing loss of acid and failure. The battery should rest level inthe tray.

The hold-down should be tightened until it is snug. It should not be tight enough to distort or crack thecasing. Use torque values as specified in the car manual if available.

The “earth” cable should be connected to the battery last. Note that reverse polarity connection maycause serious damage to the electrical system. The positive tapered post is larger than the negativepost to minimise the risk of incorrect connections.

Clean cable terminals before connecting them to the battery and apply a thin coating of high tempera-ture non-oxide grease to the post and cable terminals to retard corrosion.

Never hammer cable terminals onto battery posts. The lid, internal post connections or post lid insertconnections could be severely damaged.

Any time a new battery is fitted the electrical system should be fully checked to ensure starter, alterna-tor and voltage regulation are operating correctly and that there are no leaks to earth.

TESTINGBattery testing should be included in the periodic service schedule and should be performed even ifthere have been no starting problems.

VISUAL INSPECTIONCheck for container, lid or terminal damage that might cause leakage of electrolyte or internal damage.If serious damage is found the battery must be replaced.

PERFORMANCE TESTS AND WARRANTY ADJUDICATION

SMART TESTERThe “Smart Tester” is a test instrument that enables assessment of the battery to be made simply andquickly whilst providing a written report on the condition of the battery. Generally the “Smart Tester” isable to reach a decision without the battery having to be in a fully charged state. Warranty proceduresusing the Smart Tester are detailed on page 12.

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STATE OF CHARGE TESTWhen using conventional load testers it is essential that the battery is at least 75% charged. The stateof charge can be established by measurement of the specific gravity of the electrolyte with a syringehydrometer.

Draw enough electrolyte into a hydrometer barrel to allow the float to move freely with no pressure on the bulb. Read the specific gravity graduation at electrolyte level on the float.Check every cell in the battery.

For a new fully charged cell, the specific gravity at 25oC is 1.270 half charged at 1.210 and fully discharged or flat at about 1.150. Below this figure a battery may operate the lights but not start the car.

For a battery of any age, in good condition, all cells should show a similar specific gravity. A variationin specific gravity of up to ten points (0.010) may be accepted, but more than 30 points indicates afaulty cell or cells and the battery should be replaced if high rate testing indicates its inability to carrythe load.

Specific gravity varies with the temperature. If the electrolyte temperature is substantially above 25oCadd seven points (0.007) to the observed specific gravity reading for every 10oC by which the actualtemperature is above 25oC. Deduct seven points per 10oC where the observed reading is below 25oCto obtain the temperature corrected reading at 25oC e.g. observed 1.240 at 15oC true is 1.240 minus.007 = 1.233 at 25oC.

Specific gravity should not be measured immediately after topping up a cell as the added water willfloat on top of the electrolyte and give a false reading. A charge for thirty minutes or more after toppingup will mix the electrolyte and allow accurate readings to be taken.

NOTE: If there is insufficient electrolyte in the cells to obtain a hydrometer reading, tilt the battery 30o

to one side to increase the electrolyte level over the plates.

If the level is still too low, top up all cells with battery water and mix by placing a charge at a rate tocause gassing for 15 minutes on a boost charger or 1 hour on a slow charger. Then take specific grav-ity readings, applying temperature correction if the battery has become hot due to charging, and con-tinue according to the battery testing procedure.

Minimum specific gravity before proceeding to discharge testing should be 1.230.

CHARGINGA battery having specific gravities below 1.230 should be placed on charge at a current equal to

F U L LY C H A R G E D

Acid in water giveselectrolyte specificgravity of 1.270

Acid

Water

SpecificGravity1.270

SpecificGravity1.210

SpecificGravitybelow

1.230

SpecificGravity1.150

G O I N G D O W N

As battery discharges,acid begins to lodgein plates. Specificgravity drops.

D I S C H A R G E D

Acid almost entirely inplates, leaving weakelectrolyte behind.Specific gravity lower,almost that of water.

U N S A F E

Battery half discharged.More acid in plates, lessin electrolyte. Startingfailure in sight if battery isallowed to remain in car.

11

between 1% and 2% of the Cold Cranking Current. The battery should only be regarded as being fullycharged when the specific gravities have remained constant over three hours. Top of charge specificgravities below 1.230 with minimal variation between the highest and lowest specific gravity are indica-tive of a permanently sulphated battery. If the electrolyte appears dark in colour when readings aretaken it is usually because the battery has been overcharged or has been used in a cycling applica-tion (e.g. as a television battery). A difference between the maximum and minimum specific gravity ofmore than 40 points (0.040) indicates that the battery is faulty and should be replaced.

LOAD TESTUsing an adjustable load resistor the current should be set at the Cold Cranking Current for the batterybeing tested. After discharging for 15 seconds the battery voltage should not drop below 9.0 volts. Abattery that falls below this level should be replaced. Warranty procedures using a load resistor areshown on page 13.

CLAIMS ADJUDICATION PROCEDURES

WARRANTY ASSESSMENT USING 'SMART TESTER’

PRELIMINARY ADJUDICATIONREJECT warranty claim batteries under the following circumstances:

OUT OF WARRANTYANY BATTERY OLDER THAN 12 MONTHS

SHOWING SIGNS OF ABUSE

a) damaged container/cover/posts;

b) contaminated electrolyte/overall low electrolyte levels;

c) missing vent plugs;

d) wrong application (e.g. 610 used for leisure application indicated by excessive crocodile clip markson posts or too small a battery fitted to vehicle).

SECONDARY ADJUDICATIONConnect battery to Smart Tester and select the correct cold cranking rate for the type of battery.

ACCEPT claim should the Smart Tester display PASS with the code 3,4 or 19 and the specific gravityreadings vary by more than 40 points between cells. REJECT if less than 40 points.

ACCEPT claim should the Smart Tester display REPLACE with the code 5,6,7,21,28,31,32 or 34.These codes indicate probable manufacturing faults.

ACCEPT claim should the Smart Tester display the code 20,27 or 36 and the specific gravity readingsvary by more than 40 points. REJECT if less than 40 points and the battery is merely flat.

REJECT claim should the Smart Tester display REPLACE with the code 8,10,12,14,16,18.22,24 or 25and the average specific gravity is below 1.250 with a variance of less than 40 points. Reason for rejec-tion is suspected sulphation or overcharge which are common forms of customer abuse. ACCEPTclaim if specific gravities vary by more than 40 points.

12

13

WARRANTY ASSESSMENT WITHOUT‘SMART TESTER’5

PO

INT

TE

ST

ING

PL

AN

(1) I

NIT

IAL

EX

AM

INAT

ION

(2) V

OLT

ME

TER

RE

AD

ING

S(3

) H

IGH

RA

TE

VO

LTS

(4)

HY

DR

OM

ET

ER

RE

AD

ING

S(5

) D

EC

ISIO

N

PR

OO

F O

F P

UR

CH

AS

E, S

OU

ND

AP

PE

AR

AN

CE

,A

PP

RO

VE

D A

PP

LIC

ATIO

N, W

ITH

IN W

AR

RA

NT

Y P

ER

IOD

RE

JEC

T

AC

CE

PT

AC

CE

PT

AC

CE

PT

RE

JEC

T

RE

JEC

T

RE

JEC

T

YE

S

10 to

11.

5B

elow

9 (

Vol

tage

ofte

n ris

es)

10 to

11.

5B

elow

9 (

Vol

tage

ofte

n ris

es)

0 to

12.

6B

elow

3 (

Vol

tage

nor

mal

ly z

ero)

6 -

12.4

Bel

ow 9

(V

olta

ge s

tead

ily fa

lls)

Bel

ow 1

0B

elow

3 (

Vol

tage

can

be

zero

)

Abo

ve 1

1.5

3 to

9 (

Vol

tage

rem

ains

sta

ble)

Hi

Med

Lo

+–

Hi

Med

Lo

+–

Hi

Med

Lo

+–

Hi

Med

Lo

+–

Hi

Med

Lo

+–

Hi

Med

Lo

+–

(man

ufac

turin

g de

fect

)

(man

ufac

turin

g de

fect

)

(man

ufac

turin

g de

fect

)

serv

ice

abus

e

(ove

r-di

scha

rge

unlik

ely

to r

ecov

er)

(ser

vice

abu

se)

OP

EN

CIR

CU

IT V

OL

TA

GE

- R

ecor

dop

en c

ircui

t vol

tage

(O

CV

) re

adin

gs.

HIG

H R

AT

E D

ISC

HA

RG

E-

Rec

ord

Hig

hR

ate

Dis

char

ge (

HR

D)

read

ings

and

not

eth

e m

ovem

ent o

f the

nee

dle.

HY

DR

OM

ET

ER

- R

ecor

d re

adin

gs f

rom

eac

hce

ll. T

he c

ell

near

est

the

posi

tive

term

inal

is

iden

tifie

d as

Cel

l N

o. 1

. U

sing

the

Hyd

rom

eter

as a

pum

p on

the

tw

o en

d ce

lls,

chec

k fo

r di

s-co

lour

ed e

lect

roly

te.

DE

CIS

ION

- Id

entif

y th

e re

sult

of t

hech

ecks

WIT

H t

he d

iagn

ostic

cha

rt s

teps

(2)

to (

4).

The

nea

rest

com

bina

tions

will

indi

cate

the

cor

rect

dec

isio

n, a

fter

taki

ngin

to a

ccou

nt "

Add

ition

al In

form

atio

n".

AD

DIT

ION

AL

INF

OR

MA

TIO

N:

(a)

Bat

terie

s m

ay b

e un

derc

harg

ed o

r ov

erch

arge

d as

a r

esul

t of a

mal

func

tion

of th

e ve

hicl

e's

elec

tric

al s

yste

m. T

his

is n

ot a

faul

ty b

atte

ry a

nd th

e ve

hicl

e el

ectr

ics

shou

ld b

e ch

ecke

d.(b

)If

the

ope

n ci

rcui

t vo

ltage

che

ck s

how

s a

read

ing

belo

w 1

0.0

Vol

ts,

it m

ay n

ot b

e ca

pabl

e of

bei

ng s

ucce

ssfu

lly r

echa

rged

and

its

furt

her

serv

ice

life

is o

ften

sub

stan

tially

red

uced

.(c

)W

here

dis

colo

ured

ele

ctro

lyte

is o

bser

ved,

it is

alw

ays

due

to s

ervi

ce-r

elat

ed c

ondi

tions

.(d

)G

assi

ng c

ells

in a

dis

char

ged

batt

tery

, or

whe

re d

isco

lour

ed e

lect

roly

te is

obs

erve

d is

mos

t un

likel

y to

be

a m

anuf

actu

rer's

fau

lt.

✗ � � � ✗ ✗ ✗

NO

STOR

AGE,

CHA

RGIN

G &

FITT

ING

STO

RA

GE

STA

TE O

F C

HA

RG

EW

ET

BA

TT

ER

IES

Alw

ays

sto

re i

n a

co

ol,

dry

pla

ce

STO

CK

RO

TATI

ON

Alw

ays

se

ll th

e o

lde

st

ba

tte

rie

s fir

st -

if

the

y a

re k

ep

t a

t th

e f

ron

t o

fyo

ur

sto

ck s

ele

ctin

g

the

m i

s e

asy

Pe

rio

dic

ally

ch

eck

with

an

acc

ura

te d

igita

l vo

ltme

ter

CH

EC

K V

OLT

AG

EB

EF

OR

E

SE

LL

ING

AB

OV

E12

.4 V

olts

BE

LOW

12.4

Vol

ts

BE

LOW

12.4

Vol

ts

BA

TT

ER

YF

ITT

ING

1.E

nsur

e th

e ve

nts

are

fitte

d fir

mly

in p

ositi

on a

nd t

he b

atte

ry t

op is

cle

an a

nd d

ry.

2.W

hen

disc

onne

ctin

g th

e ol

d ba

ttery

, di

scon

nect

the

gro

und

(ear

th)

cabl

e fir

st.

3.E

NS

UR

E C

OR

RE

CT

TE

RM

INA

LP

OLA

RIT

Y, A

S E

VE

N M

OM

EN

TAR

YIN

CO

RR

EC

TC

ON

-N

EC

TIO

N C

AN

CA

US

E D

AM

AG

E T

O T

HE

ELE

CT

RIC

AL

SY

ST

EM

OF

TH

E V

EH

ICLE

.

4.E

nsur

e th

at b

atte

ry h

old

dow

n cl

amp

is s

uffic

ient

ly ti

ght t

o se

cure

the

batte

ry a

nd n

ot a

llow

it to

mov

e in

its

hous

ing.

NE

VE

R O

VE

R-T

IGH

TE

N S

EC

UR

ING

BO

LTS

.5.

Whe

n co

nnec

ting

the

new

bat

tery

, co

nnec

t th

e st

arte

r/so

leno

id c

able

firs

t, fo

llow

ed b

y th

egr

ound

(ea

rth)

cab

le.

6.Te

rmin

al c

onne

ctio

ns m

ust

be t

ight

but

DO

NO

TO

VE

R-T

IGH

TE

N.

Sm

ear

term

inal

s w

ith

a p

rote

ctiv

e co

atin

g s

uch

as

pet

role

um

jelly

. Ch

eck

for

slac

k in

the

alte

rnat

or

bel

t an

d t

hat

it

is n

ot

at t

he

bo

tto

m o

f th

e p

ulle

y ve

e. W

ith

th

e en

gin

e re

vsm

od

erat

ely

incr

ease

d,

mea

sure

alt

ern

ato

r vo

ltag

e at

th

e b

atte

ry t

erm

inal

s, r

ead

ing

ssh

ou

ld b

e b

etw

een

14.

3 an

d 1

4.8

volt

s.

CH

AR

GIN

G

SE

RIE

S C

ON

NE

CT

ION

o

o–

+

o

o–

+

o

o–

+

CH

AR

GE

AS

SE

SS

ME

NT

Sta

nd 2

4 ho

urs

afte

r co

mpl

etio

n of

char

ge th

en m

easu

re b

atte

ry v

olta

ge.

ALT

ER

NAT

IVE

LY,

shou

ld i

mm

edia

teus

e be

requ

ired

mea

sure

all

cells

with

a H

ydro

met

er.

Abo

ve

12.6

Vol

tsO

R M

IN1.

260S

G

DA

TE

CO

DIN

GD

ate

co

din

g e

ach

ba

tte

ry w

ith d

ate

on

wh

ich

it

wa

s la

stch

arg

ed

.

YE

S

NO

Rem

ove

any

wra

ppin

gs a

nd c

harg

e w

ithou

t de

lay

to p

reve

nt

perm

anen

t da

mag

e.U

sing

a v

aria

ble

char

ger

- se

t ra

te b

etw

een

3 an

d 4

amps

for

ba

tterie

s up

to

90 A

mpe

re H

rs a

nd 5

to

7 am

ps f

or t

hose

abov

e.C

harg

e fo

r 12

hou

rs.

Se

rie

s C

ha

rgin

g -

on

ly w

ith u

nits

of

sim

ilar

cap

aci

ties.

+

AB

OV

E12

.4 V

olts

14

DOCUMENTATION PROCEDURE1. Separate WCF for each accepted warranty claim forwarded to the factory.

2. WCF number to appear on lid of battery with waterproof white marker

3. Where applicable Smart Test Code to appear on WCF plus specific gravities if this is the reason for accept-

ance.

4. Where applicable Smart Test Report to be attached to WCF.

5. Summarise and attach all relevant claims on RFC

6. Return claim batteries and relevant documentation together to First National Battery.

7. O.E. Claims

Procedure as above but include copy of Service Book and must be clearly marked “O.E.” on WCF.

If jumper cables are available and the booster battery is in another car; in both cars, set handbrakes,turn off all switches, place gear selector in Neutral or Park position, make certain cars do not touch,then proceed in this exact sequence –

1 Connect the red cable clamp to the positive post of the discharged battery.

2 Connect other end of the red cable clamp to the positive post of the live battery.

3 Connect the black cable clamp to the negative post of the live battery.

4 MAKE FINAL CONNECTION ON ENGINE BLOCK OF STALLED CAR - as far away as possible from battery.Make certain cars do not touch.

5 Attempt to start ‘dead vehicle’ with ‘live vehicle’ engine OFF. If vehicle has not started in 15 seconds stop pro-cedure and check ignition and fuel systems.

6. To remove cables - reverse this exact procedure.

Note: These instructions do not nec-essarily apply to all vehicles. When indoubt consult your vehicle’s owner’smanual or call your approved dealer.

15

16

AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY WARRANTYFirst National Battery Company (Pty) Limited warrants to the original user, for a period of twelve months asfrom date of purchase, that this battery will be free of defects in material and workmanship under normal useand service. This warranty extends to the Republic of South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique,Namibia and Swaziland only.

In the event of any defects in material and/or workmanship arising within the said twelve month period, FirstNational Battery Company (Pty) Limited undertake, in its sole discretion and subject to the following condi-tions, to repair the defect or replace the battery at its own cost and without charge to the purchaser: 1. Any claim in terms of this warranty must be made as soon as the purchaser becomes aware of the defect;

2. The purchaser must return the defective battery to First National Battery Company (Pty) Limited or its dulyauthorised agents;

3. The purchaser must exhibit satisfactory proof of purchase of the battery from First National BatteryCompany (Pty) Limited or its duly authorised agents.

The warranty on the repaired or replaced battery will extend from the original date of purchase of the defectivebattery.

This warranty shall not apply where this battery is used in a vehicle whose specifications requires a battery ofa different size / ampere hour capacity or where this battery is fitted below the suggested ampere hour capac-ity (at the 20 hour rate) as specified in our official battery selection guide or, in the case of original equipmentinstalled by a vehicle manufacturer, not according to their officially specified capacity.

This warranty is void if failure of the battery has resulted from negligence; improper use / mis-application;abuse; incorrect over or under charging (whether due to a faulty electrical system or charging apparatus); theuse of battery acid or additives; excessive / abnormal wear and tear; use in a vehicle fitted with additional ornon-standard electric extras; environmental conditions or any other damage arising from accident, civil com-motion, labour / political unrest or rioting.

This warranty shall, further, not apply to our range of leisure use batteries (RR Range) or our batteries whichare specifically manufactured for recreational and/or outdoor use.

This warranty is in lieu of any warranties or conditions implied by law, which are hereby excluded.

First National Battery Company (Pty) Limited and its duly authorised agents exclude all liability for damage orloss howsoever suffered and shall not be held liable for any damages or losses, expenses or costs (whether ofa direct, indirect, consequential or other nature) howsoever suffered and by whomsoever suffered which mayarise out of or relate to the use of inability to use this battery or any failure to meet this warranty

LEISURE USE (RR) BATTERY WARRANTYFirst National Battery Company (Pty) Limited warrants to the original user, for a period of twelve months as fromdate of purchase, that this battery will be free of defects in material and workmanship under normal use andservice. This warranty extends to the Republic of South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique,Namibia and Swaziland only.

1. Any claim in terms of this warranty must be made as soon as the purchaser becomes aware of the defect;

2. The purchaser must return the defective battery to First National Battery Company (Pty) Limited or its dulyauthorised agents.

3. The purchaser must exhibit satisfactory proof of purchase of the battery from First National BatteryCompany (Pty) Limited or its duly authorised agents.

The warranty on the repaired or replaced battery will extend from the original date of purchase of the defectivebattery.

This warranty shall not apply where this battery is used as a vehicle starter battery.

This warranty is void if failure of the battery has resulted from negligence; improper use / mis-application;abuse; incorrective over or under charging (whether due to a faulty electrical system or charging apparatus);the use of battery acid or additives; excessive / abnormal wear and tear; environmental conditions or any otherdamage arising from accident, civil commotion, labour / political unrest or rioting.

This warranty is in lieu of any warranties or conditions implied by law, which are hereby excluded.

First National Battery Company (Pty) Limited and its duly authorised agents exclude all liability for damage orloss howsoever suffered and shall not be held liable for any damages or losses, expenses or costs (whether ofa direct, indirect, consequential or other nature) howsoever suffered and by whomsoever suffered which mayarise out of or relate to the use or inability to use this battery or any failure to meet this warranty.

FIRST NATIONAL BATTERY COMPANY (PTY) LTD.REG.66/05564/07

BENONI EAST LONDONLIVERPOOL & BRISTOL ROADS, BENONI SOUTH SETTLERS WAY & EDISON ROAD

PO BOX 5015, BENONI SOUTH 1502, SOUTH AFRICA GATELY TOWNSHIP, EAST LONDON

PHONE +27 11 741-3600 PO BOX 182, EAST LONDON 5200, SOUTH AFRICA

FAX +27 11 421-2642/421-1625 PHONE +27 43 731-1111

email: marketing@battery.co.za email: manufacture@battery.co.za

http: //www.battery.co.za

© Copyright: First National Battery Company (Pty) Limited 2001 O’CONNOR & ASS. 1652/10/02