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THE WHITE CITY OF TEL AVIVMichael Turner – Ha Noi 2009
U T O P I A S
Theador Herzl
Nahum Sokolov translated Altneuland in 1902 under the heading “Tel-Aviv”.
“Tel” signifies a ruin, “Aviv”- spring, that is- a ruin living to see another spring, - “Altneuland”.
U T O P I A S
Thomas More
U T O P I A S
Ebenezer Howard
U T O P I A S
Boris Schatz
The Return to the Holy Land
Eclecticism & Orientalism
Houses built in the 1920s in a stylistic mixture which combined local, oriental motifs with those taken from classical architecture. Motifs were taken from Jewish Culture.
The Return to the Holy Land
Eclecticism & Orientalism
The Garden City
The English School
English modernism united tradition with liberty, or rationalism with romanticism, evolved from William Morris’ philosophy, demanding functionalism and liberation from the eclecticism of the 19th century. Thus architects searched for the continuity of local traditions and building methods.
Sources of Modernism in Israel
Early modernism in Europe (1910-25) was linked to social reforms of Arts and Crafts movements in England and Germany, though without architectural solutions.
Morris, Shaw and Ashbee promoted anti-urban socialist concepts.
Ebenezer Howard promoted ideas of the garden suburb, the self-sufficient city.
Le Corbusier’s planning model of the Plan Voisin though never adopted, gave the simple language that was to be tested in Israel.
The Return to the Holy Land
Kibbutz
• Monofunctional zoning
• Separate residential, work, leisure, and pedestrian circulation areas
• Principles applied later in urban public housing.
The Return to the Holy Land
Moshav
The plan of the cooperative settlement of Nahalal, by Kaufmann in 1924, is a reflection of the desire and dream to create the ideal and perfect society.
Centric organization: means of industrial production are sited in the central circle, surrounded by residential area, which is surrounded by farmlands.
The British Mandate (1920-1948) - Jerusalem
Richard Kaufmanns’ design for Rehavia
urban ideals and garden suburb
The British Mandate (1920-1948) - Haifa
Central Carmel ‘Garden Neighborhood’ designed by Richard Kaufmann.
‘Garden Neighborhood’ designed by Erich Mendelsohn.
Tel Aviv - 1909
Ahuzat Bayit
Built as a suburb of Jaffa in 1909, in which each house was surrounded by a garden, was the first neighborhood in Israel planned according to the garden city concept.
The British Mandate (1920-1948) – Tel Aviv
The new city of Tel Aviv began as a combination of neo-classical elements and the new Garden City concept.
The original nucleus contained a main street on the symmetrical axis – leading to the first Hebrew high school, intersected by several streets and a wide avenue- forming a grid with potential growth.
While urban design was committed to European types, the Tel Aviv architecture was to be very eclectic: a mixture of east and west.
Tel Aviv – 1925 The Geddes Plan
• climate
• superblock
• homeways
• Jewish ideals
City map from 1931 – central and northern areas based on Geddes Plan of 1927
Geddes’ master plan consisted of a hierarchical grid of main arteries and secondary streets forming urban ‘blocks’. Within each block, a sub-system of short and narrow residential streets- ‘homeways’ encircled a small public park at the centre.
Tel Aviv – 1925 the Geddes plan
The road system
two-way grid
• north-south parallel to the shore
• east-west facing the sea
main roads 15-30 metres widthsecondary roads 10-12 metres width
junction
Inner street - homeway
• public gardens within the block
•separation between housing and traffic
•front yards as buffer
•footpaths connected the main streets to the inner green roads
Maximum building heightscommercial main roads 15 metresother main roads 14 metressecondary roads 9 metres
The Super block
open space/public buildings at the core
super block core
The opposition to the plan came from those who wanted to build on the valuable land that was left in the core of the superblock. Anticipating this, Geddes proposed that the state sell the cheaper lands north of the Yarkon river.Unfortunately today, not much is left from the original plan, yet, the area where the plan has survived is considered the most comfortable in Tel-Aviv.
Tel Aviv’s fabric today: Legacy of the Geddes Plan (1925)
Tel Aviv – 1938 The revised plan
1940 - Stuttgart Weissenhofsiedlung Araberdorf
The Economic Crisis (1925-27- 29)
The Bauhaus School
The International Style
The Modern Movement
Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv Architecture - influences and inspirations
BAUHAUS
LE CORBUSIER (1887-1965)
Outlined five main features:
• construction on columns (pilotis)
• roof gardens
• the free plan
• ribbon windows
• free façade
Other hallmarks of this style:
• flat roofs
• large windows
• White walls
Tel Aviv Architecture - influences and inspiration
ERICH MENDELSSOHN
Mendelssohn was already one of the most distinguished architects in Europe when he moved to Palestine.
His expressive style, combining new materials invested his architecture with special organic qualities.
Tel Aviv Architecture - influences and inspiration
Tel Aviv Architecture
• adaptation to climatic conditions
• pilotis
• the roof for use of the residents
Characteristics of the International Style in Israel
Tel Aviv Architecture
• the machine aesthetics
• functional
• clear separation between the structure of the building and the walls of its envelope.
Characteristics of the International Style in Israel
Tel Aviv Architecture
• the curve
Characteristics of the International Style in Israel
Tel Aviv Architecture
Gavrilovitsz House - M. Schwartz, 1930
Tel Aviv Architecture
Hess Street - R. Kaufmann, 1931
Tel Aviv Architecture
4 Ein Vered Street - P. Bijonski, 1933
Tel Aviv Architecture
7 Vilna Street - G. Sapoznikov, 1936
Tel Aviv Architecture
9 Gordon Steet - D. Karmi, 1935
Tel Aviv Architecture
“Hod” residence - A. Sharon, 1931
Tel Aviv Architecture
details
The conservation plan
An aerial photograph of the city centre today
Modern World Heritage
• Brazilia, Brazil, 1987
• Palau de la Musica Catalana, Spain, 1997
Modern World Heritage
•Hospicio Cabanas, Mexico, 1997
Museuminsel Berlin, Germany, 1999
Modern World Heritage
• Rietveld Schroder House, Netherlands, 2000
• Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas, Venezuela, 2000
Modern World Heritage
• Major Town Houses of Victor Horta, Belgium, 2000
Criteria for inscription
Inscribes the White City of Tel-Aviv - the Modern Movement, Israel, on the
World Heritage List on the basis of cultural criteria (ii) and (iv):
Criterion (ii): The White City of Tel Aviv is a synthesis of outstanding significance of the various trends of the Modern Movement in architecture and town planning in the early part of the 20th century. Such influences were adapted to the cultural and climatic conditions of the place, as well as being integrated with local traditions.
Criterion (iv): The new town of Tel Aviv is an outstanding example of new town planning and architecture in the early 20th century, adapted to the requirements of a particular cultural and geographic context.
Criteria for inscription
1. Inscrit La ville blanche de Tel- Aviv- le mouvement moderne, Israël, sur la base des critères culturels (ii) et (iv) :
Critère (ii) : La ville blanche de Tel-Aviv est la synthèse d'une valeur exceptionnelle des diverses tendances du mouvement moderne en matière d'architecture et d'urbanisme au début du XXe siècle. Ces influences ont été adaptées aux conditions culturelles et climatiques du lieu, de même qu'intégrées aux traditions locales.
Critère (iv) : La ville nouvelle de Tel-Aviv est un exemple remarquable d'urbanisme et d'architecture des villes nouvelles du début du XXe siècle, adapté aux exigences d'un contexte culturel et géographique particulier
Criteria for inscription
3. Encourages the State Party to continue monitoring development trends in Tel Aviv, and to improve where possible the control of changes in the existing fabric;
4. Recommends that height limits be proposed for the property and its buffer zone;
5. Encourages the State Party to integrate the management and conservation plans in order to guarantee their efficacy.
27 COM 8C.24
With regard to protective legislation in Israel, the World Heritage Committee,
1. Encourages the State Party to broaden the scope of its system of legal protection at the national level to include modern heritage.
Criteria for inscription
1. Encourage l'Etat partie à continuer de suivre l'évolution des constructions à Tel Aviv et à améliorer, là où c'est possible, la surveillance des modifications du tissu existant ;
2. Recommande que des limites de hauteur soient proposées pour le bien et sa zone tampon ;
3. Encourage l'Etat partie à intégrer les plans de gestion et de conservation afin de garantir leur efficacité.
27 COM 8C.24
Concernant la législation de protection en Israël, le Comité du patrimoine mondial,
1. Encourage l'Etat partie à élargir le champ de son système juridique de protection au niveau national pour englober le patrimoine moderne.
Le CorbusierSuperblock model
Tel Aviv - Architecture
Characteristics of the International Style in Israel
The building style prevalent in Tel Aviv from the beginning of the 1930s up to the foundation of the state of Israel (1948).
Buildings that were built according to the Modern Movement:
•functional
• without decoration for its own sake
• flat roofs designated for the use of the residents
•Clear separation between the structure of the building and the walls of its envelope.
• Composition of façade was generally asymmetrical, dominated by horizontal lines sometimes combined with vertical elements which generally designated the staircase.
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