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Sociological Theories and Sociological Theories and the Education Systemthe Education SystemEmmanuela M. LicayanEduc 3
Theories guide research and policy formulation in the sociology of education
They also provide logical explanations for why things happen the way they do.
Theories help sociologist understand educational systems
Consensus and Conflict Consensus and Conflict TheoryTheorySociety has two faces
(Dahrendorf; 1959,1968)
Sociological Theory should be divided into 2 parts. Conflict Theory and Consensus Theory
ConsensusConsensusSees shared norms and values as
fundamentals to societyFocuses on social order based on
tacit agreements.Social change occurs in a slow
and orderly fashion
Examines value integration in societyAbsence of conflict as the equilibrium
stateA collection of theories in which social
order and stability as the base of emphasis
Concerned with the maintenance or continuation of social order in relation to norms, values, rules and etc.
ConflictConflictEmphasize the dominance of
some social groupsSocial order as based on
manipulation and control by dominant groups
Social change is occurring rapidly in a disorderly fashion
Subordinate groups overthrow dominant groups
Examines conflict of interest and the coercion that holds society
Disagreement or clash between opposing sides, principles, or people
It can be overt or covert conflictFocuses on the heterogeneous
nature of society and the unequal distribution of political and social power.
Struggle between social classesAsks how schools contribute to
the unequal distribution of people into jobs in society
More powerful members of society maintain the best positions
Less powerful group (women, racial and ethnic group) are allocated to lower ranks
Education plays a big part in maintaining the prestige, power, and economic and social position of dominant group in the society
Social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tensions between competing groups.
It needs not to be violent
Emergence of conflict and what causes conflict
Conflict theory deals with the incompatible aspects of society and how they clash with one another
Interested in how society institutions (family, gov’t religion, education and media) helps to maintain the privileges of some groups.
Emphasis in social change and redistribution of resources makes conflict theories more radical and activist than functionalist.
Structural FunctionalismStructural FunctionalismTalcott Parsons, Robert Merton,
and others proposed the ideas of Structural Functionalism and was dominant for many years.
Declined dramatically in the last 3 decades due to the existence of conflict theorist
Parson’s AGIL SystemParson’s AGIL SystemFour functional imperatives for
“all” action systems.
Adaptation: System must cope with external situations, adapt to its environment and adapt environment to its needs
Goal Attainment : A system must define and achieve its primary goals
Integration: regulate the interrelationship of its component parts. Manage the relationship among other 3 functional imperative (A.G.L)
Latency: Furnish, maintain and renew both the motivation of individuals and the cultural patterns that create and sustain motivation
AGIL system was designed for all levels, the behavioral organism is the action system that handles the adaptation function by adjusting and transforming the external world.
Personality system performs the goal attainment by defining system goals and mobilizing resources
Social system copes with the integration of function by controlling its component parts.
Cultural system performs the latency function by providing the norms and values that motivates them for action.
Cultural system
Social System
Action System
Personality
System
AssumptionsAssumptionsSystems have the property of order
and interdependence of partsSystems tend toward self
maintaining order (equilibrium)The system may be static or involved
in the ordered process of changeThe nature of one part has an impact
on the form that other parts can take
System maintains boundaries with their environment
Allocation and integration are two fundamental processes for equilibrium
Self maintenance involving the maintenance of relationships, control of environment and control of tendencies to change the system from within
Social SystemSocial SystemConsist of plurality of individual
actors interacting with each other with at least physical or environmental aspect.
Functional requisites of a Functional requisites of a Social SystemSocial SystemMust be structured so that they may
operate compatibly with other systems
To survive, it must have the requisite from other systems
Must meet a significant proportion of needs of its actors
Must elicit adequate participation from its members
Must have minimum control over disruptive behaviors
Disruptive conflict must be controlled
A social system requires a language to survive
Key Principles of Key Principles of Functionalist PerspectiveFunctionalist PerspectiveInterdependency- every part is
dependent to some extent to other parts
Functions of Social Structure and Culture- Social Structure- organization of the societyCulture- Set of beliefs, language, rules, values and knowledge held in a common set of members.
Consensus and CooperationConsensus-certain values that nearly everyone agrees upon, societies tend toward consensus to achieve cooperation
Equilibrium
Structural-Functional Structural-Functional ModelModel
Interactionist TheoriesInteractionist TheoriesRelation of School and society are
critiques and extensions of the functionalist and conflict perspectives
Interpretable snapshot of what schools are like on an everyday level
Micro-sociological level of analysisNoticing taken-for-granted behaviorsImplicit assumptions for usually
unnoticed interactions
Symbolic InteractionismSymbolic InteractionismViews the self as socially
constructed in relation to social forces and social structures
Social self is an active product of human agency rather that a deterministic product of social structure.
All types of interaction refines our ability to think
Not all interaction involves thinking
PrinciplesPrinciplesHuman beings are endowed with
a capacity for thoughtThe capacity for thought is
shaped by social interactionPeople learn the meanings and
the symbols in social interactionsMeanings and symbols allow
people to carry on distinctively human action and interaction
People are able to modify or alter meanings and symbols that they use on the basis of their interpretation of the situation
People are able to make these changes it is part of their ability to interact within themselves, allows them to examine possible courses of action, asses their relative advantages and disadvantages and choose one
Intertwined patterns of action and interaction make up groups and societies
Non-Symbolic Non-Symbolic InteractionismInteractionismDifferentiation made by Blumer
between two basic forms of interaction.◦Nonsymbolic interaction-
conversation of gestures does not involve thinking
◦Symbolic interaction- requires mental process
PremisesPremisesPeople act towards the thing they
encounter based on what those things mean to them
We learn what things are by observing how other people respond to them
As a result of ongoing interaction, sounds or words, gestures, facial expressions and body postures we used with dealing with others acquire symbolic meanings that are shared by people who belong to the same culture.
Importance of thinking to symbolic interactionist is reflected in their view on objects.
3 types of objects◦Physical◦Social◦Abstract
Different objects have different meanings for different individuals.
“A tree will be a different object to a botanist, a lumberman, a poet and a home gardener”
Looking-glass Self◦We see ourselves as other see us
- Charles Cooley
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