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Anti-competitive measures to improve the wireless industry - Moray Rumney
29th June 2011Page 2Copyright Agilent technologies 2011
“Anti-Competitive” Measures to Improve the Wireless Industry
Moray RumneyLead Technologist
John HarmonWireless Business Development
Anti-competitive measures to improve the wireless industry - Moray Rumney
29th June 2011Page 3
Overview
• Spectrum and format fragmentation
• The current industry approach
• An alternative “anti-competitive” solution
Anti-competitive measures to improve the wireless industry - Moray Rumney
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The problem: Spectrum and format (air interface) fragmentation
• We get used to things. Familiarity breeds myopia as well.
• But an alien arriving on planet earth and looking at our accumulated baggage of radio communication formats and frequency bands would think, “Huh?”
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TD-SCDMA(China)
802.16e(Mobile WiMAX)
WiBRO(Korea)
802.16d(Fixed WiMAX)
802.11n
Multi-format evolution 1990 - 2011GSM
(Europe)IS-136
(US TDMA)PDC
(Japan)IS-95A
(US CDMA)
HSCSD GPRSiMODE IS-95B(US CDMA)
W-CDMA(FDD & TDD)
E-GPRS(EDGE)
HSDPA HSUPA
EDGE Evolution
1x EV-DO0 A B
HSPA+ /E-HSPA
LTE(R8/9 FDD & TDD)
LTE-Advanced (R10 & beyond)
802.16m / WiMAX2WirelessMAN-Advanced
802.11h
802.11ac802.11ad
cdma2000(1x RTT)
802.11a/g
802.11b2G
W-LAN
2.5G
3G
3.5G
3.9G/4G
4G / IMT-Advanced
Market evolution
Technology evolution
Inc
rea
sin
g e
fficie
nc
y, ba
nd
wid
th a
nd
da
ta ra
tes
By 2012 only two mainstream technologies will have been obsoleted in 20 years!
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LTE FDD Frequency bandsBased on 36.101 va.2.0 Table 5.5-1
Band Uplink MHz Downlink MHz Width Duplex Gap
1 1920 1980 2110 2170 60 190 130
2 1850 1910 1930 1990 60 80 20
3 1710 1785 1805 1880 75 95 20
4 1710 1755 2110 2155 45 400 355
5 824 849 869 894 25 45 20
6 830 840 865 875- 10 35 25
7 2500 2570 2620 2690 70 120 50
8 880 915 925 960 35 45 10
9 1749.9 1784.9 1844.9 1879.9 35 95 60
10 1710 1770 2110 2170 60 400 340
11 1427.9 1447.9 1475.9 1495.9 20 48 28
12 698 716 728 746 18 30 12
13 777 787 746 756 10 -31 41
14 788 798 758 768 10 -30 40
15* 1900 1920 2600 2620 20 700 680
16* 2010 2025 2585 2600 15 575 560
17 704 716 734 746 12 30 18
18 815 830 860 875 15 45 30
19 830 845 875 890 15 45 30
20 832 862 791 821 30 -41 71
21 1447.9 1462.9 1495.9 1510.9 15 48 33
24 1626.5 1660.5 1525 1559 34 -101.5 135.5
Points of note• There is a lot of overlap between band
definitions for regional reasons• The Duplex spacing varies from 30
MHz to 799 MHz• The gap between downlink and uplink
varies from 10 MHz to 680 MHz• Narrow duplex spacing and gaps
make it hard to design filters to prevent the transmitter spectral regrowth leaking into the receiver (self-blocking)
• Bands 13, 14, 20 and 24 are reversed from normal by having the uplink higher in frequency than the downlink
• Bands 15 and 16 are defined by ETSI (not 3GPP) for Europe only – these bands combine two nominally TDD bands to create one FDD band
UplinkBand
DownlinkBand
Gap
Duplex spacing
Width Width
Frequency
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LTE TDD Frequency bandsBased on 36.101 va.2.0 Table 5.5-1
Points of note• For TDD there is no concept of duplex
spacing or gap since the downlink and uplink frequencies are the same
• As such, the challenge of separating transmit from receive does not require a duplex filter for the frequency domain but a switch for the time domain
Band Uplink MHz Downlink MHz Width
33 1900 1920 1900 1920 20
34 2010 2025 2010 2025 15
35 1850 1910 1850 1910 60
36 1930 1990 1930 1990 60
37 1910 1930 1910 1930 20
38 2570 2620 2570 2620 50
39 1880 1920 1880 1920 40
40 2300 2400 2300 2400 100
41 2496 2690 2496 2690 194
42 3400 3600 3400 3600 200
43 3600 3800 3600 3800 200
TransceiveBand
Width
Frequency
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Future LTE/UTRA Frequency bands
The work on defining new frequency bands shows no sign of slowing up. These are the bands currently being considered by 3GPP:
• Band 22 3410/3490 + 3510/3590 – UMTS/LTE 3500 MHz• Band 23 2000/2020 + 2180/2200 - S band additional terrestrial
component (ATC) of the mobile satellite systems (MSS)• Band 25 1850/1915 + 1930/1995 - Extended 1900 band – has
issues with GPS co-existence• Band 26 814/849 MHz + 859/894 – Extended 850 upper band• Band 27 806/824 + 851/869 – Extended 850 lower band
• Other possibilities identified by the ITU:• 3.6-4.2 GHz• 450−470 MHz• 698−862 MHz• 790−862 MHz band (European digital dividend)• 4.4-4.99 GHz band
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US 700 MHz band planRevised 700 MHz Band Plan for Commercial Services
You need some organization,
‘cause ... Damn!
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The industry solution – do it all?
LTE-Advanced
LTE
High spectralefficiency
A-GPS
TD-LTE
Multi-band (13?)
Multi-RAT
HSPA+
MBMS
TD-SCDMA
1xEV-DO(B)
Wi-FI
802.16e
802.16m
EDGE-Evolution
VoIP
Multi-Carrier
MIMO
Interferencecancellation
High batteryefficiency
BluetoothGreen
wireless
Low cost
Dongle or phone
Operator’s Radio
equirements
Wants:
Everything
When:
Now!
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Why we don’t have multi-format motor cars today
Petrol engine for range
Diesel engine for economy
Supercharger for power
Weight and padding for
sound-proofing and ride
User-switchable left/right hand
drive for roaming
Electric engine for ecology
4WD for grip
Solar panels for ecology
Light-weight for fuel
economy
All options available for no extra cost size
or weight!
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The industry solution - Multi-band multi-format devices
• On paper these are conceptually simple, especially when using the SDR word.
• Software Defined Radio is a noble goal – especially for narrow band base stations with sufficient design and cost margins
• For user devices it is not so simple
• Has anyone seen a software-defined PA or antenna? What we do have is SDB - software defined baseband.
• Tuneable antennas are being worked on but are no panacea
• Multiplex filter design is also a struggle – can’t violate physics
• Multi-band + carrier aggregation + MIMO = Antenna nightmare!
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An alternative “anti-competitive” solution
• Wireless comms relies on a shared and limited natural resource – Radio Spectrum
• Industries that rely on such precious resources - like water and power - need to be carefully planned
• Consider the history of power in the UK
• Back in the 1920’s strong “competition” meant great choice:• DC or a variety of AC frequencies
• A variety of voltages
• A variety of independent unconnected generating companies
• But to exercise choice of supply you would have to move house since any one generator would only supply the local market with their unique offering. “Devices” could not roam.
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The alternative “anti-competitive” solutionCreation of the UK national grid
• Then some rare visionary in government proposed the creation of a national grid
• This required standardization of frequency and voltage: 240V at 50 Hz was chosen.
• The industry fought back strongly on anti-competitive grounds but were over ruled
• In the 1950s the government nationalized the generating companies creating the Central Electricity Generating Board
• This was again strongly opposed but it created huge scale resulting in lower costs and better coordination of generation capability for continuity of supply
• Who would roll back the clock now?
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Examples of fragmented infrastructure
• Japan standardized its national grid at 100V but:• The west of the country influenced by Europe runs on 50 Hz
• The east influenced by the US runs on 60 Hz
• Recent consequence: The loss of generating capacity in the east due to the tsunami cannot be mitigated by excess capacity in the west
• Australian has three different gauges of railway and have had to develop unique bogey switching equipment
• Edinburgh used to be served from London by two railway companies each with their own set of tracks and matching hotels at either end of the city centre
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The alternative “anti-competitive” solutionWhat about cellular communications
• Cellular communications have come a long way in 20 years and are no longer considered a luxury
• The history of regional regulation and competition have led to today’s often highly fragmented market which has many inherent inefficiencies
• In many countries, competition laws require that relatively narrow bands are split between several operators, all required to build their own networks – Is this really sensible any more?
What if...
• Governments did to cellular what they already did to power?
• Instead of trying to sell off public assets to the highest bidder how about taking a more holistic approach?
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But is this not just another flawed socialist idea!Is it not Adam Smith vs. Karl Marx?
• It was created by an “anti-competitive” memorandum of understanding by 17 European countries
• Compare this with what happened with 2G in the US – a fragmented competitive mess of five systems which eventually led to just two systems with no interoperability.
• There was a quote on the White House web site some time ago praising the FCC. It went something like this: “Why can’t all our agencies emulate the FCC and generate money rather than just spend it”.
The wireless lifecycle is long, requires heavy capital investment and benefits from mobility. All this requires careful planning.
In recent times regulators have taken an increasingly soft touch – this is now backfiring. Competition is needed - once the direction is set.
GSM is the most successful wireless technology ever, owned by more than 5 billion people.
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An alternative “anti-competitive” solutionWhat about cellular communications
• Network sharing is becoming more common – the industry is figuring out the economics for themselves
• The most ambitious example is Yota in Russia who have formed a consortium with competitors MegaFon, MTS, Rostelecom and VimpelCom to build a single shared LTE network.
• From an engineering perspective it should be evident that if each country’s wireless assets were pooled the potential scale and benefits could look similar to the impact of the national grid
• A single regulated operating company could maximize coverage and performance while reducing format and band fragmentation
• The rest of us could get on with designing optimal hardware and applications just like we do with the national grid!
“But they’re communists!”
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The role of central planning
• Have we reached an inflection with spectrum when it makes sense to move towards more central planning?
• The need for planning and regulation is almost always retrospective when less formal methods fail• Even the ten commandments came after the fact!
• We should not get hung up that the regulatory regime needs to evolve
• Land ownership is a prime example. In the early days you just claimed it. Now it is legally traded and in denser areas is subject to planning permission to control usage and impact
• Spectrum is recognized as the sovereign property of a country. It is leased and has exclusivity. Much of its legal regulation is based on real estate law.
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An example of green field central planning
Denver
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5G 2G
3G
4G
1G
Heathrow!
An example of chaotic evolution
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The role of central planning
• The need for central planning varies during the lifecycle:• In the 1970s wireless communications was a luxury
• In the 1980s it was an emerging market
• In the 1990s it entered a phase of massive growth
• Today it is ubiquitous and an essential service
• Sometimes having a green field situation presents too many variables.
• In any case, wireless has too much invested to start from scratch. We are crowded and need to think laterally.
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Our Choices
• Leave it alone and let the Market find its own way
• Apply a gentle-but-deliberate hand to move things toward some more organized situation
• Apply a regulatory hammer and sickle to re-apportion spectrum and dictate common interfaces
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Thank you for listening!
Anti-competitive measures to improve the wireless industry - Moray Rumney
29th June 2011
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