Earth science day one

Lab one

• Part 1-the scientific method• Part 2-based on Hardness • (excell file)(Moh’s Scale• Part 3-based on cleavage

• GOOD NEWS( most of the lab is done for You!!• Again-this is very boring but the exciting part is

the concept of learning to classify items!!!

Do not focus on the mineral itself

• Focus on the method

The whole lab

• Part 1-the scientific method• #1 on p.2 • #2 on p. 4-what is the difference between a

rock and a mineral• #4 on p. 8 –excell sheet• #5 p. 12• #6 –extra credit

Also . .

• Due sept. 16th –all properties will be used to identify rocks

• “how minerals effect every day life”• You must bring me the prelab assignment on

page 20-21 (INSULIN CRYSTAL GROWTH)

Lets start with p.2

• Part 1-the scientific method• “how did early geologists classify Earth

minerals?”• To simplify –in groups of 3-4-use one box• I will assign 6 geological samples to you• Please make a flow chart based on “what

stood out for you?”

Your group must pick one property , then . . another property and so forth!

The groups-please choose a name(

• Eratosthenes• James Hutton• Mary Anning• Friedrich Mohs• Alfred Wegener• Inge Lehmann• http://coolsciencelab.com/geologists.htm

Worksheet on page 2

Group Defining critieria for each groupSpecimens in Group

EEratosthenes

Jonathan,Trevis,Ana 5,10,4,10,9,3

. .

Eratosthenes-grade A+

• Jonathan,• Trevis,Ana

• 5,10,4,10,9 and 3

• Color=how many are brown?• 5 is brown, 4 is black, 10 is burgundy, 10a

clear, 9 white, 3 is black

Eratosthenes-high proficient talk-ready to press forward A+ work

• Texture• 5. softer than a glass , harder than a penny

pumice rock• 10. harder than glass and penny scoria rock• 4. harder than glass and penny obsideant rock• 10. softer than glass and penny• 9. softer than glass and penny and fingernail• 3. softer than glass and penny

Eratosthenes

• Went on to identify minerals to expert level of performance. Nice work “Eratosthenes”

James Hutton-did not present

• Stephanie • Amandy• Angie

• Rocks: 8,13,20,28,11 and 33• Color: 8 is grey, 13 is grey=20 is blk, 28 is grey• 11 is grey and blk, 33 is brown

Mary Anning-did not presentfossils

• Renee’,Mario, Arturo• 16,23,9,28,32,and 8• Color:• 16 is brown, 23 is beige, 9 is blk and white, 28

is green, 32 glass blk, and 8 is brownish grey• Texture:

James Hutton

• 3 grey minerals=luster

Friedrich Mohs-no comments- A+

• Marcy, Catherine, Chante’• 2, 15, 21, 5 and 20, 17

• Color : 2 is cloudy clear, 15 is clear, 21 is platinum, 5 is light grey with pink, 20 is transparent blue green, 17 is shimerry yellow gold

• Size: 2 large and heavy, 5 large nd heavy, 21 small, 17 large and light weight, 20 medium size, 15 large

• Hardeness: 2 hard as glass, 5 rough, 21 smooth as a penny, 15 hard as glass, 17 hard and rough, 20 harder than a penny softer than glass

Friedrich Mohs

• Next is shape:• This group had excellent presentation skills.• Demonstrated use of the scientific method.• All participants contributed, and no one was

isolated or unenvolved. Exceptional presentation guys.

Doppler Group-A+work

• Andrew, Danny

• 1, 6, 9, 16, 18, 20• Color: 1 is peach, 6 is black, 9 is white, 16 is

clear, 18 is black, 20 is green

• Texture-will finish this

Doppler Group-A+work

• This group went ahead to indentify hardness. They class would say they had sufficient knowledge of the scientific method which was the desired goal.

Alfred Wegener-did not present

• Andrea, Jermaine, Eunice, Troy

• 12, 20 , aa, ab, ac, ad• Color: 12 is black, 20 is black-all minerals• Shape: 12 and 20 rectangular(rhonbodal)• Aa and ab flat and rectangular• Ac and ad-chopped and screwed

Inge Lehmann-inner core-did not present

• Priscilla, Diane, Mary• 21, 20, 18 ,10 , 24 and 1

• Tetuxe: 21 is soft, 20 is rough, 18 is rough, 10 is really soft, 24 is not so rough, 1 is smooth

What is a justifiable property?

• Size• Shape• “is the rock clear, transparent, very dark?”• Texture-”feel smooth” • Etc.-this is calite• A rhombohedral• (60 degrees and • 120 degree angles)

Ladies( Like for diamonds

A sample flow chart

For the credit for Part 1

• One person will have to present the flow chart to the class?

Part 2-based on Hardness

• What is hardness? Tourmaline • hardness : 7.0 - 7.5

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/hardness_def.html

• "Hardness is a measure of how difficult or easy it is for a substance to be penetrated or scratched! For example, steel (like a steel nail) can scratch your fingernail, so steel is harder than fingernail!!"

Sample scale

• Finger nail• Penny • Glass

• First relative scale

Use the terminal in front of you . .

• http://library.thinkquest.org/J002289/mohs.html

Moh's Scale measures

• The Moh's Scale measures the relative hardness of various substances. It uses ten reference minerals. The hardness of a substance is determined by scratching it against a reference mineral. If it scratches that mineral, then it is of equal hardness or harder than that mineral, otherwise it is softer then that mineral. The picture below shows the minerals that are used on the Moh's Scale.

Quartz can scratch gypsum.

Can use this one as a comparison

Moh's Hardness ScaleHardness Mineral Description

1 Talc Fingernail scratches it easily.

2 Gypsum Fingernail scratches it.

3 Calcite Copper penny scratches it.

4 Fluorite Steel knife scratches it easily.

5 Apatite Steel knife scratches it.

6 Feldspar Steel knife does not scratch it easily, but scratches glass.

7 Quartz Hardest common mineral. It scratches steel and glass easily.

8 Topaz Harder than any common mineral.

9 Corundum It scratches Topaz.

10 Diamond It is the hardest of all minerals.

Back Next

Second scale

• Which rock scratches the surface of which rock?

• Feldspar will scratch Gypsum

Nice web site

• http://itc.gsw.edu/faculty/tweiland/sedrx2.htm

Dr Skaggs suggest’s . . .

13 softer than 21

based on 21

scratches 13

13 does not

scratches 21

finger nail

at Calcite

Use this principle

any thing I can scrathe wih my finger nail

3 below fingernailso now build up to finger nail

any thing I can scrathe wih my penny

3 below Penny (copper)so now build up to copper

any thing I can scrathe wih my glass

3 below glassso now build up to glass

• Do you know the difference between a rock and a mineral? Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. Here are some of the basic characteristics of minerals to help you understand what they are:

They are . . .

• Naturally occurring• Homogeneous• Inorganic• Solid • Ordered internal arrangemnt of atoms• (crystals or glasses)• Distinctive chemical composition

caesium chloride unit cellthis structure is more likely to be formed from two elements whose ions are of roughly the same size (for example, ionic

radius of Cs+ = 167 pm, and Cl− = 181 pm).

.

• Minerals are inorganic; they are not alive and they are not plants or animals. An example of a rock that is not a mineral is coal. Coal is a substance formed from decayed plants and animals. Therefore, coal is not considered a mineral.

• Minerals are found in the earth or are naturally occurring substances. They are found in dirt, rocks, and water. They are not made by man

• A zincblende unit cell

• Minerals are chemical substances. Some minerals like gold or silver are made of only one element. Other minerals, like quartz and calcite, are combinations of two or more elements.

• Minerals always have the same chemical makeup. For example, quartz will always consist of one part silicon (an element) two parts oxygen (another element).

• Minerals always have the same chemical makeup. For example, quartz will always consist of one part silicon (an element) two parts oxygen (another element).

• About 2,000 minerals have been found. Oxygen is part of many minerals. Minerals containing oxygen make up almost half of the earth's crust. Quartz is a common mineral. Other common minerals are feldspar, mica, and horneblend. Many rocks are made of these common minerals

• Some minerals are rare and expensive. They are called gems . Diamonds, rubies, and emeralds are good examples of such minerals. Gold and silver are also minerals. Together, these natural substances are used to make beautiful jewelry

A rock

• Is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid consisting of an aggregate of mineral grains , pieces of older rocks, or a mass of natural glass

Please complete page 8

Minerals Rocks Other

. .

Lastly page 12-exercise 5

• Please identify all 24 sample according to cleavage

Click here to go back to the main pageCleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break along smooth planes parallel to zones of weak bonding.

• Fracture is the tendency of a mineral to break along curved surfaces without a definite shape. These minerals do not have planes of weakness and break irregularly. See the picture below:

“without a definite shape”

Mineral Type of Breakage

Halite

CLEAVAGE

Cleavage in three directions at right angles (90o). Cubic cleavage.

CalciteCLEAVAGE

Cleavage in three directions not at right angles (120o and 60o).

Rhombohedral cleavage.

Calcite = CaCO3

• Rhombic or elongated crystals

• Reacts with HCl- • Specific gravity = 2.71• Cleavage=3 directions not at 90o

Gypsum

gypsumCLEAVAGE

Cleavage in one direction.

Calcium sulfate-dihydrate

• Gypsum=CaSO4.2H20

• Occurs in crystals or gray or white, earthly masses –alabaster

Colorles, white and gray• Hardness = 2• Perfect cleavage in one direction-may show

two other directions not at 90 degrees

Muscovite

CLEAVAGECleavage in

one direction.

KAl2 (AlS3010)

• Can be pealed into transparent, elastic sheets• Specific gravity = 2.66• Streak = yellow• Perfect cleavage in one direction• Hardness= 2-2.55

FeldsparCLEAVAGE

Cleavage in two directions at right

angles.

Quartz

FRACTURE

Mineral does not exhibit cleavage, it breaks or fracture

in an irregular manner.

quartz

• Conchoidal fracture• Hardness = 7• Elongated six sided crystals• Specific gravity = 2.65