Dr. Cornel Adler, Julius Kühn-Institut, Berlin: Stored Product Protection Research in Germany with...

1 cornel.adler@jki.bund.de

Agri 4D, SLU, 25 Sept. 2013

Stored product protection research in Germany with focus on tropical agriculture and cooperation

• Introduction

• Insect-proof storage

• Phytochemicals

• Diatomaceous earths

• Conclusions

Cornel Adler

Julius Kühn-Institut Berlinwww.jki.bund.de

2 cornel.adler@jki.bund.de

What are stored product pests?

InsectsBeetles (approx. 60 species)Moth (approx. 20 species)Dustlice (approx. 10 species)

Mites (approx. 10 species)

RodentsMice Rats

Birds

Microorganisms, microbial deterioration (mycotoxins!)

Hygiene pests

Cockroaches Flies Ants

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FAO-Study „Save Food!“ 5/2011Losses in food world-wide: 1/3

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Losses & Costs

But infested grain is also damaged, moist, warm (additional losses due to pest cotrol measures, quality loss, risk for further pest attack (e.g. mites or fungi)

Germany

Grain harvest 2009: almost 50 mio. t

If losses estimated to 4 % (FAO) by weight

4 % = 2.000.000 t at 250,- Euro/t

= 500 mio. Euro

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Integrated Stored Product Protection

Pest prevention

Early pest detection

Pest control

physical

chemical

biological

Biotechnical e.g. DE

Structural design

CoolingDrying

Sanitation

Packaging

Visual inspection

Check:temperaturemoisturemovementproduct density

bioacoustics

traps

Inspection sampling

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Phytochemicals: Attractants What do insects smell?

Identify attractive volatiles

Oils for traps better than food baits (no development)

• Which combination?

• Which pure compounds?

• Fruity volatiles most attractive to Plodia interpuntctella (Adler et al. 2000)

Preliminary test with food-grade aromas:

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Response of P. interpunctella to apricot volatiles Results

[1] 3-Methyl-1-butanol acetate

[2 ] 1-Butanol

[3 ] 3-Methyl-1-butanol

[4 ] 1-Pentanol

[5 ] 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone

[6 ] 1-Hexanol

[7 ] 2,6,11-Trimethyl pyrazine

[8 ] Acetic acid

[9] Ethyl benzoate

[10] Benzyl alcohol

(Ndomo et al. 2012)

Now:• dose-response-test

• behavioural test (eg.

flight chamber)

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Neem to protect maize

Influence of sun drying and shellingIn Northern Cameroon on contents of Azadirachtin and efficacy (PhD K. Tofel)

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Diatomaceous earths (DE)

dried, milled, sifted

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Diatomaceous earths (DE)

Registered: 10g/m2 (structures)

1-2kg/t (grain)

Foto: Biofa (Brazil)

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Comparison of DEs (SEE ERA NET Project 2008)

SilicoSec, GR Begora, Lower SR. GR Kriti, Vranje3/12/07Slob., GR Elas., SR Vranje, SRKol.518,Kol.517, Kol.516, GER-SR, Control

Efficacy much higher at 30°C than at 20°C

Now tests in Cameroon (Ngaoundere Univ., E. Nukenine)

Athanassiou et al. (2011)

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Conclusions

• Prevention is better than control - store dry, cool, hermetically, as short as possible

• Monitoring for early detection - traps with food or pheromone lures, thermometers, acoustics, etc.

• Stored product pests are competitors to man - infestation is indicator for inefficient protection

• Pest control with most suitable method - low-risk methods gain importance, solutions require knowledge, the best way to aquire knowledge is cooperation!

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Identified plants plant parts used protected stored productsClausena anisata (Rutaceae) leafy branches maize, beansCypressus sempervivens (Cypr.) leafy branches maize, beans, cowpeaCapsicum frutescens (Solanac.) fruits beans, cowpeaChenopodium ambros. (Chenop.) leaves maize, beans, potatoEucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae) leaves maize, beans, cowpeaLantana camara (Verbenaceae) leaves beans, potato

Plant parts as traditional insecticides

Survey in Western Highlands of Cameroon (Tapondjou et al. 2000)

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Temperature (°C) and insect development Lethal > 50 Death in minutes

>45 Death in hours

Suboptimum >35 Development stops

Optimum 25-33 Max. development

Suboptimum < 25 Slow development

< 13 Development stops

Letal < 6 Movement stops,unadapted indiv. die

< -5 Adapted indiv. die

< -15 Death in minutes Fields (1992)

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Etheric oils in Clausena anisata,

identified by retention time (RT)(60 m DB wax fused silica caplillar column)

ComponentRT

GC- surface(%)leaves seeds

Alpha Pinene 5,9 - 0,4Sabinene 7,5 0,5 3,1Myrcene 8,2 0,7 28,9Limonene 9,1 - 0,4Cis Ocimene 9,7 - 0,7Gamma –Terpinene 10,2 1,8 4,9p-Cymene (Cymol) 10,8 - 6,34-Terpineole 19,5 - 0,4Germacrene D 22,2 1,0 -Trans Anethole 24,9 80,8 32,9p-Anisaldehyde 29,5 - 15,4Trans Isoeugenol Methylether 32,4 11,5 2,6

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Efficacy of pure compounds

Dosage: 0-60µl/ml or 0-400 mg/ml Acetone

0,5 ml on filterpaper, 20 T. confusum adults added

compound LD50 LD95 Mortality (%)

4-Allyl-anisole (µl/cm2)24 h 0.05 0.11 43.359.4048 h 0.05 0.10 49.659.12Linaloole(µl/cm2)24 h 0.21 NA 15.752.5048 h 0.19 NA 15.752.50Terpineole (µl/cm2)24 h 0.29 NA 22.956.5748 h 0.14 0.42 26.857.42Thymole (mg/cm2)24 h 1.46 1.98 27.208.2748 h 1.32 1.44 32.059.09Zimtaldehyde(µl/cm2)24 h 0.04 0.05 80.357.1548 h 0.04 0.04 81.107.12

Values are means of 3 replicates. NA = Not applicable

Ojjimelukwe et al. 2001

17 cornel.adler@jki.bund.de

Reasons for greatest losses

• weather extremes (warm, humid)

• loss of social structures and structural design (poverty)

• political instability/ war

• lack of motivation of storage manager (no incentive, low value)• new storage goods, new pests, new storage method

• regionally scattered

• mykotoxins cause health hazards

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Heat for structural treatments

www.thermonox.de www.biotech.at

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Results - heat

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800

Time (min)

Tem

per

atu

re (

°C)

Old mill

cellar

room above lift

dead

alive

Tropics:

Solar heat + vent for fast treatment at 60°C?

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In brackets the most tolerant stage, E = eggs; L = larvae; P = pupae; A = adults

Lab data on the efficacy of heat

Exposure times needed for complete control:

Tierart 45°C 50°C 55°C

E. kuehniella 660 min (11h) (E) 27 min (P) 7 min (P)

S. granarius 540 min (9h) (L) 40 min (L) 30 min (L)

S.zeamais 660 min (11h) (L) 45 min (A) 30 min (A)

C. pusillus 1200 min (20h) (L) 65 min (L) 20 min (L)

T. castaneum 1800 min (30h) (L) 35 min (L) 20 min (L)

L. serricorne 2400 min (40h) (L) 370 min (E) 45 min (E)

R. dominica 6000 min (100h) (L) 370 min (L) 45 min (L)

Adler (2006, 2007, 2008)