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Presented at the Agri4D 2013 conference at the session on Pre/Post-harvest Losses – Including Post-harvest Handling and Storage.
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Agri 4D, SLU, 25 Sept. 2013
Stored product protection research in Germany with focus on tropical agriculture and cooperation
• Introduction
• Insect-proof storage
• Phytochemicals
• Diatomaceous earths
• Conclusions
Cornel Adler
Julius Kühn-Institut Berlinwww.jki.bund.de
What are stored product pests?
InsectsBeetles (approx. 60 species)Moth (approx. 20 species)Dustlice (approx. 10 species)
Mites (approx. 10 species)
RodentsMice Rats
Birds
Microorganisms, microbial deterioration (mycotoxins!)
Hygiene pests
Cockroaches Flies Ants
Losses & Costs
But infested grain is also damaged, moist, warm (additional losses due to pest cotrol measures, quality loss, risk for further pest attack (e.g. mites or fungi)
Germany
Grain harvest 2009: almost 50 mio. t
If losses estimated to 4 % (FAO) by weight
4 % = 2.000.000 t at 250,- Euro/t
= 500 mio. Euro
Integrated Stored Product Protection
Pest prevention
Early pest detection
Pest control
physical
chemical
biological
Biotechnical e.g. DE
Structural design
CoolingDrying
Sanitation
Packaging
Visual inspection
Check:temperaturemoisturemovementproduct density
bioacoustics
traps
Inspection sampling
Phytochemicals: Attractants What do insects smell?
Identify attractive volatiles
Oils for traps better than food baits (no development)
• Which combination?
• Which pure compounds?
• Fruity volatiles most attractive to Plodia interpuntctella (Adler et al. 2000)
Preliminary test with food-grade aromas:
7
Response of P. interpunctella to apricot volatiles Results
[1] 3-Methyl-1-butanol acetate
[2 ] 1-Butanol
[3 ] 3-Methyl-1-butanol
[4 ] 1-Pentanol
[5 ] 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone
[6 ] 1-Hexanol
[7 ] 2,6,11-Trimethyl pyrazine
[8 ] Acetic acid
[9] Ethyl benzoate
[10] Benzyl alcohol
(Ndomo et al. 2012)
Now:• dose-response-test
• behavioural test (eg.
flight chamber)
Neem to protect maize
Influence of sun drying and shellingIn Northern Cameroon on contents of Azadirachtin and efficacy (PhD K. Tofel)
Diatomaceous earths (DE)
Registered: 10g/m2 (structures)
1-2kg/t (grain)
Foto: Biofa (Brazil)
Comparison of DEs (SEE ERA NET Project 2008)
SilicoSec, GR Begora, Lower SR. GR Kriti, Vranje3/12/07Slob., GR Elas., SR Vranje, SRKol.518,Kol.517, Kol.516, GER-SR, Control
Efficacy much higher at 30°C than at 20°C
Now tests in Cameroon (Ngaoundere Univ., E. Nukenine)
Athanassiou et al. (2011)
Conclusions
• Prevention is better than control - store dry, cool, hermetically, as short as possible
• Monitoring for early detection - traps with food or pheromone lures, thermometers, acoustics, etc.
• Stored product pests are competitors to man - infestation is indicator for inefficient protection
• Pest control with most suitable method - low-risk methods gain importance, solutions require knowledge, the best way to aquire knowledge is cooperation!
Identified plants plant parts used protected stored productsClausena anisata (Rutaceae) leafy branches maize, beansCypressus sempervivens (Cypr.) leafy branches maize, beans, cowpeaCapsicum frutescens (Solanac.) fruits beans, cowpeaChenopodium ambros. (Chenop.) leaves maize, beans, potatoEucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae) leaves maize, beans, cowpeaLantana camara (Verbenaceae) leaves beans, potato
Plant parts as traditional insecticides
Survey in Western Highlands of Cameroon (Tapondjou et al. 2000)
Temperature (°C) and insect development Lethal > 50 Death in minutes
>45 Death in hours
Suboptimum >35 Development stops
Optimum 25-33 Max. development
Suboptimum < 25 Slow development
< 13 Development stops
Letal < 6 Movement stops,unadapted indiv. die
< -5 Adapted indiv. die
< -15 Death in minutes Fields (1992)
Etheric oils in Clausena anisata,
identified by retention time (RT)(60 m DB wax fused silica caplillar column)
ComponentRT
GC- surface(%)leaves seeds
Alpha Pinene 5,9 - 0,4Sabinene 7,5 0,5 3,1Myrcene 8,2 0,7 28,9Limonene 9,1 - 0,4Cis Ocimene 9,7 - 0,7Gamma –Terpinene 10,2 1,8 4,9p-Cymene (Cymol) 10,8 - 6,34-Terpineole 19,5 - 0,4Germacrene D 22,2 1,0 -Trans Anethole 24,9 80,8 32,9p-Anisaldehyde 29,5 - 15,4Trans Isoeugenol Methylether 32,4 11,5 2,6
Efficacy of pure compounds
Dosage: 0-60µl/ml or 0-400 mg/ml Acetone
0,5 ml on filterpaper, 20 T. confusum adults added
compound LD50 LD95 Mortality (%)
4-Allyl-anisole (µl/cm2)24 h 0.05 0.11 43.359.4048 h 0.05 0.10 49.659.12Linaloole(µl/cm2)24 h 0.21 NA 15.752.5048 h 0.19 NA 15.752.50Terpineole (µl/cm2)24 h 0.29 NA 22.956.5748 h 0.14 0.42 26.857.42Thymole (mg/cm2)24 h 1.46 1.98 27.208.2748 h 1.32 1.44 32.059.09Zimtaldehyde(µl/cm2)24 h 0.04 0.05 80.357.1548 h 0.04 0.04 81.107.12
Values are means of 3 replicates. NA = Not applicable
Ojjimelukwe et al. 2001
Reasons for greatest losses
• weather extremes (warm, humid)
• loss of social structures and structural design (poverty)
• political instability/ war
• lack of motivation of storage manager (no incentive, low value)• new storage goods, new pests, new storage method
• regionally scattered
• mykotoxins cause health hazards
Results - heat
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800
Time (min)
Tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
Old mill
cellar
room above lift
dead
alive
Tropics:
Solar heat + vent for fast treatment at 60°C?
In brackets the most tolerant stage, E = eggs; L = larvae; P = pupae; A = adults
Lab data on the efficacy of heat
Exposure times needed for complete control:
Tierart 45°C 50°C 55°C
E. kuehniella 660 min (11h) (E) 27 min (P) 7 min (P)
S. granarius 540 min (9h) (L) 40 min (L) 30 min (L)
S.zeamais 660 min (11h) (L) 45 min (A) 30 min (A)
C. pusillus 1200 min (20h) (L) 65 min (L) 20 min (L)
T. castaneum 1800 min (30h) (L) 35 min (L) 20 min (L)
L. serricorne 2400 min (40h) (L) 370 min (E) 45 min (E)
R. dominica 6000 min (100h) (L) 370 min (L) 45 min (L)
Adler (2006, 2007, 2008)
