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Chapter 6: Immune System
Roberto AyalaBio 120
Initial Immune Response
Three Important Items Play Key Roles.
2. Antigens: Any foreign substance that stimulates antibody production.
● Invading substance can be biologically active, such as bacteria and viruses.
● Can be non-organic, such as chemical irritants from environment.● Can be biological by-products such as cellular waste and toxins.
4. Antibodies: Marker protein produced by the body that target foreign substances.● Antibodies made in B Lymphocytes, commonly called B-Cells.● Targets one specific type of antigen.● Binds to antigen forming antigen-antibody complex.● Can passively deactivate substance and/or mark substance for phagocytosis.
6. Phagocytosis: Destruction of foreign substances via cellular ingestion and digestion.● Phagocytes are cells capable of engulfing and digesting foreign substances.
● Macrophages are activated monocytes (a type of leukocyte) that are concentrated in areas that are high risk for foreign exposure (lungs, liver, etc).
• Commonly known as white blood cells.
● Can be subdivided into two groups:
● GranulocytesBasophiles: Least numerous, present in some inflammatory responses.
Eosinophils: Increases in allergic reactions, anti-parasitic and anti-viral defense.
Neutrophils: Most numerous in body, highly phagocytic, short lived.
2. Agranulocytes
Monocytes: Can differentiate into a macrophage for active defense or a dendritic cell which processes antigens and assists T and B Cells.
Lymphocytes: Differentiate into T-Cells , B-Cells, or Natural Killer Cells (multi-role T-Cells).
Image from: http://diverge.hunter.cuny.edu/~weigang/Images/16-05_leukocytes_1.jpg
Leukocytes
Antigens
Any foreign substance that causes the immune system to produce antibodies.
A Basic Immune Response Process:
2. A macrophage ingests a foreign substance, preserving antigen markers, incorporating these markers with proteins on their cellular surface. This is known as a MHC-antigen complex.
3. The MHC-antigen complex interacts with T-Cells. T-Cells will then rapidly divide into other both helper and killer T-Cells primed for a specific antigen. B-Cell division, with new cells made to target the antigen, will rapidly increase as well.
4. With numerous T-Cells targeting a specific antigen, T-Cells will attack any substance presenting that antigen. Neutralization can occur through phagocytocsis or though enzyme attack on cellular structures and functions.
Antibodies
Antibodies are: 2. Proteins that are used to identify and promote an
immune response.3. Specific to one type of antigen. This is called a
lock-and-key response.4. Produced by B-Cells.
The Antibody Process:7. B-Cells are produced to produce one type of
antibody that covers the cell surface.8. B-Cell activation occurs with the antibody
interacts with a known antigen.9. Upon chemical signal from T-Cells, rapid
division and differentiation occurs.10. Newly made B-Cells release numerous amounts
of antibodies into the bloodstream. 11. Targeted antigens are easily spotted by
phagocytes and other immune responses.
Sources:
Textbook:
Fremgen, Bonnie F., Suzanne S. Frucht. Medical Terminology: A Living Language
Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. 2009
Online Sources:
http://medlineplus.gov/
http://www.dimethaid.de/images/layout/Macrophage_Bacteria_rgb.jpg
http://diverge.hunter.cuny.edu/~weigang/Images/16-05_leukocytes_1.jpg
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/264.jpg
http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Antigen_presentation.jpg/240px-Antigen_presentation.jpg
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