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DESCRIPTION
introduce the basic shell command and some use Cases.
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How to learn
• man man man !
• practice
dir/file manipulation
• mkdir / mkdir -p!
• rmdir / rmdir -p!
• rm -rf!
• cp -i!
• ln -s
cd
ls
• ls -- list directory contents!• Options!
• -l,-a,-t!• -Ut
ls
tree
• tree -- list files in tree-like format!• Options!
• -a,-d,-f!• -P,-I
tree
Display Files
cat
• cat - Concatenate Files!• cat -n !• cat -s
cat
cat multiple files
less & more
• less/more!
• less line move,more page move!• does not read the entire input file before starting!• less -N line-number!• ls /etc | less
tail & head
• tail !• tail -f!• tail -5!
!
• head!• head -5
wc
• wc -l
echo
• echo -e!• echo -n
echo
Identifying Commands
• type - Display A Command's Type!• type cd!• type ll
type
Identifying Commands
• which - Display An Executable's Location!• which ls!• cat `which hlfile`
which
Redirction
Redirection
• stdin,stdout,stderr!• 0 1 2!
• /dev/null!• < > >>!• Case!
• redirect error!• redirect stdout and error to a file
2>&1
Permissions
" chmod – Change a file's mode!
" umask – Set the default file permissions!
" su – Run a shell as another user!
" sudo – Execute a command as another user!
" chown – Change a file's owner
from《The Linux Command Line》William E. Shotts, Jr.
umask
• umask!
• the default permissions of created file!
• octal notation !
• express a mask of bits to be removed from a file's mode attributes!
• common default value: 022 002
umask
umask 022
owner group other
original file mode rw-110
rw-110
rw-110
umask 000 010 010
mode of created file rw-110
r—100
r—100
umask 002
owner group other
original file mode rw-110
rw-110
rw-110
umask 000 000 010
mode of created file rw-110
rw-110
r—100
chmod
• chmod!
• change file mode(permissions)!
• usage!
• chmod 755 file!
• chmod ug+x file
chmod
Search
Grep
• Options!• -v, -l,-L, -A, -B,n, -r/-R!
• Case!• get templates contains `misc` cssfile!
• get templates not contain `footer.php`!
• contain `misc` but not `footer.php`
get templates contains `misc` cssfile
get templates not contain `footer.php`
contain `misc` but not `footer.php`
Grep
Find
• Options!• -name, -perm, -delete,-regex!• !!
• Case!• find all .swp files!• delete all .swp files!• find not .png and jpg file
find and delete
Find
find perm
trap
Case Study
• deploywww!• fetch all imgs of a cssfile!• git pu
fetch all imgs of a css file
git pu
Reference
• 《The Linux Command Line》William E. Shotts, Jr.!
• 20130109 - 李志业 - Shell编程
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