What leaves and violins say about the evolutionary forces that shape us and our culture
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- 1. Dan Chitwood Donald Danforth Plant Science Center Science on
Tap Schlafly Bottleworks May 27, 2015 What beer bottles &
violins say about the evolutionary forces that shape us & our
culture leaves
- 2. What shapes can tell us: The evolution of violin shape
Leaves as composites of hidden shapes A framework for quantifying
lifes complexity Outline Claes et al., 2014
- 3. How to put a number on shape? An example, using violins
- 4. Photos from auction: >9,000 instruments >400 violin
makers >400 years of history Chitwood (2014) Imitation, genetic
lineages, and time influenced the morphological evolution of the
violin. PLOS ONE
- 5. How to measure shape:
- 6. Shape = { xn, yn } How to measure shape: Coordinates,
landmarks, pseudo-landmarks
- 7. How to measure shape: Chain code
- 8. How to measure shape: Chain code
- 9. How to measure shape: Chain code
- 10. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
- 11. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
- 12. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
- 13. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0
- 14. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0
- 15. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0
7
- 16. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7
0
- 17. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6
- 18. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0
- 19. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6
- 20. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6
- 21. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6
- 22. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6
- 23. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6
- 24. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6
- 25. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
- 26. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4
- 27. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6
- 28. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6
- 29. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6
- 30. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6
- 31. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6
- 32. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0
- 33. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0
- 34. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6
- 35. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6
- 36. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6
- 37. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7
- 38. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6
- 39. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6
- 40. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5
- 41. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6
- 42. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6
- 43. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4
- 44. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6
- 45. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4
- 46. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4
- 47. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6
- 48. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6
4
- 49. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4
4
- 50. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4
4
- 51. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4
- 52. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4
- 53. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4
- 54. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3
- 55. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4
- 56. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3
- 57. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3
- 58. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3
- 59. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2
- 60. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2
- 61. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
- 62. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
- 63. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0
- 64. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2
- 65. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2
- 66. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2
- 67. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0
- 68. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0
- 69. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2
- 70. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2
- 71. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2
- 72. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2
- 73. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 2
- 74. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 3
- 75. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 2
- 76. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2
- 77. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2
- 78. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2
- 79. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2
- 80. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
- 81. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
- 82. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0
2
- 83. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2
0
- 84. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 0
1
- 85. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 7 0
6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4
4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 0 1
0
- 86. How to measure shape: Chain code 0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6
6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 0 1 0 Shape = { }
Chain code is lossless: perfect reconstruction from compressed
data
- 87. How to measure shape: Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical
Fourier Descriptors Graphic: Christine Daniloff
- 88. How to measure shape: Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical
Fourier Descriptors Graphic: Christine Daniloff Graphic: Cardiff
University Graphic: Workshop Mizzotti
- 89. How to measure shape: Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical
Fourier Descriptors Kuhl and Giardina Computer Graphics & Image
Processing (1982)
- 90. How to measure shape: Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical
Fourier Descriptors Kuhl and Giardina Computer Graphics & Image
Processing (1982)
- 91. How to measure shape: Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical
Fourier Descriptors 0 0 0 7 0 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6
6 7 6 6 5 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2
2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 0 1 0 Shape = { }
- 92. How to measure shape: Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical
Fourier Descriptors a1, a2, a3 an b1, b2, b3 bn c1, c2, c3 cn d1,
d2, d3 dn Shape = { } Harmonic coefficients:
- 93. -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 z4941_1 #
harmonics 2 4 8 16 32 64 How to measure shape: Chain code + Fourier
= Elliptical Fourier Descriptors
- 94. Deviations along the outline Points sampled along the
outline Deviation(in%ofthecentroidsize) 30 60 90 120
0.050.100.150.200.25 # harmonics 2 4 8 16 32 64 How to measure
shape: Chain code + Fourier = Elliptical Fourier Descriptors
- 95. An aside about beer bottles . . .
- 96. brahma caney chymay corona deusventrue duvel franziskaner
grimbergen guiness hoegardeen jupiler kingfisher latrappe
lindemanskriek nicechouffe pecheresse sierranevada tanglefoot tauro
westmalle amrut ballantines bushmills chivas dalmore famousgrouse
glendronach glenmorangie highlandpark jackdaniels jb johnniewalker
magallan makersmark oban oldpotrero redbreast tamdhu wildturkey
yoichi An aside, appropriate for tonight: a shape is a shape
Differentiating beer from whiskey bottles Momocs, Vincent
Bonhomme
- 97. An aside, appropriate for tonight: a shape is a shape
Differentiating beer from whiskey bottles Momocs, Vincent
Bonhomme
- 98. An aside, appropriate for tonight: a shape is a shape
Differentiating beer from whiskey bottles Momocs, Vincent
Bonhomme
- 99. Back to violins . . .
- 100. The morphological evolution of violins: The effects of
time, space, & people on violin shape
- 101. The morphological evolution of violins: The effects of
time, space, & people on violin shape
- 102. The morphological evolution of violins: Why does shape
correlate with time? Violin makers?
- 103. The New York Times
- 104. But the Stradivarius shape doesnt necessarily produce a
superior instrument. Is shape just a viral meme? Fritz et al. PNAS
(2012, 2014)
- 105. Sometimes shapes are functional, but can still vary in
non-functional ways Nia et al., Royal Society Proc A (2015)
- 106. Sometimes shapes are functional, but can still vary in
non-functional ways Nia et al., Royal Society Proc A (2015)
- 107. The morphological evolution of violins: Does violin shape
have a genetic basis?
- 108. House Gagliano: Giuseppe (Joseph) Gennaro (Januarius)
Nicol Ferdinando ** * *
- 109. * House Testore: Carlo Giuseppe Carlo Antonio *
- 110. House Degani: Giulio Eugenio **
- 111. House Guarneri: Giuseppe (del Ges) Giuseppe (filius
Andrea) Pietro (of Venice) Pietro (of Mantua) Andrea * * * * *
- 112. What shapes can tell us: The evolution of violin shape
Leaves as composites of hidden shapes A framework for quantifying
lifes complexity Outline Claes et al., 2014
- 113. foodgps.com Fantasia, Disney
- 114. Landmark-based Procrustes analysis: Superimposed
homologous coordinates
- 115. Landmark-based Procrustes analysis: Superimposed
homologous coordinates Kerschbaumer and Sturmbauer (2011)
International Journal of Evol. Biol.
- 116. Landmark-based Procrustes analysis: Superimposed
homologous coordinates Kerschbaumer and Sturmbauer (2011)
International Journal of Evol. Biol. Translate
- 117. Landmark-based Procrustes analysis: Superimposed
homologous coordinates Kerschbaumer and Sturmbauer (2011)
International Journal of Evol. Biol. Translate Scale
- 118. Landmark-based Procrustes analysis: Superimposed
homologous coordinates Kerschbaumer and Sturmbauer (2011)
International Journal of Evol. Biol. Translate Scale Rotate
- 119. Species effects
- 120. Husbands et al., 2009 Developmental stage: Unequal
expansion
- 121. Stephen Hales, Vegetable staticks, 1727 Developmental
stage: Unequal expansion
- 122. Stephen Hales, Vegetable staticks, 1727 Developmental
stage: Unequal expansion
- 123. Stephen Hales, Vegetable staticks, 1727 Developmental
stage: Unequal expansion
- 124. Stephen Hales, Vegetable staticks, 1727 Developmental
stage: Unequal expansion
- 125. Chitwood and Sinha, 2015 Leaf number: Plants produce
different leaf types
- 126. Chitwood and Sinha, 2015 Leaf number: Plants produce
different leaf types While walking in the Public Gardens of
Palermo, it came to me in a flash that in the organ of the plant
which we are accustomed to call the leaf lies the true Proteus who
can hide or reveal himself in vegetal forms. From first to last,
the plant is nothing but leaf. Goethe
- 127. Forster and Bonser, Ann Bot 2009 Leaf number: Plants
produce different leaf types Acacia
- 128. Forster and Bonser, Ann Bot 2009 Leaf number: Plants
produce different leaf types Lancewood
- 129. Species, developmental stage, & leaf number
effects
- 130. Species, developmental stage, & leaf number
effects
- 131. Species, developmental stage, & leaf number effects
Shoot base Shoot tip
- 132. Species, developmental stage, & leaf number effects L1
L2 L1 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 Shoot base Shoot tip Leaf Number,
different leaf types
- 133. Species, developmental stage, & leaf number effects
S1S2S9S10 S3S4S5S6S7S8 L1 L2 L1 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10
Developmental Stage, unequal expansion Leaf Number, different leaf
types Shoot base Shoot tip
- 134. Species, developmental stage, & leaf number effects
Shoot base Shoot tip Leaf number Developmental stage Unequal
expansion Different leaf types
- 135. Species, developmental stage, & leaf number effects
Shoot base Shoot tip Leaf number Developmental stage Unequal
expansion Different leaf types
- 136. Species, developmental stage, & leaf number effects
Shoot base Shoot tip Leaf number Developmental stage Unequal
expansion Different leaf types
- 137. http://www.joyofdata.de/public/pca-3d/ Dealing with
multivariate information Principal Component Analysis
- 138. Evolutionary vs. developmental paths in the Vitis leaf
morphospace Species effects
- 139. Evolutionary vs. developmental paths in the Vitis leaf
morphospace Developmental stage Unequal expansion
- 140. Evolutionary vs. developmental paths in the Vitis leaf
morphospace Leaf number Different leaf types
- 141. Heterochrony (changes in timing) underlies our own
evolutionary past as well finstofeet.com
- 142. What shapes can tell us: The evolution of violin shape
Leaves as composites of hidden shapes A framework for quantifying
lifes complexity Outline Claes et al., 2014
- 143. Complex phenotypes are challenging, but are likely the
most meaningful Klingenberg Lab There is grandeur in this view of
life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into
a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone
cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a
beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have
been, and are being, evolved. Darwin
- 144. Complex phenotypes are challenging, but are likely the
most meaningful Schmieder et al., (2015) PLOS ONE There is grandeur
in this view of life, with its several powers, having been
originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst
this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of
gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful
and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. Darwin
- 145. Complex phenotypes are challenging, but are likely the
most meaningful Schmieder et al., (2015) PLOS ONE There is grandeur
in this view of life, with its several powers, having been
originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst
this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of
gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful
and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. Darwin
- 146. Complex phenotypes are challenging, but are likely the
most meaningful Wiley et al. (2005) virtual-anthropology.com There
is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having
been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that,
whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law
of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful
and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. Darwin
- 147. Complex phenotypes are challenging, but are likely the
most meaningful Claes et al., (2014) PLOS Genet There is grandeur
in this view of life, with its several powers, having been
originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst
this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of
gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful
and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. Darwin
- 148. St. Louis University Laura Klein Allison Miller USDA
Geneva, NY Jason Londo Beth Takacs Bruce Reisch
- 149. Thanks! Margaret Frank Viktoriya Coneva Donald Danforth
Plant Science Center