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Science as Art Free Access to Natural History
Books and Art in the Biodiversity Heritage Library
Grace Costantino 12 February 2017 | Smithsonian Associates @BioDivLibrary Share your thoughts on social media using #BHLib
The Biodiversity Heritage Library provides free and open online
access to library collections from around the world.
The Biodiversity Heritage Library (www.biodiversitylibrary.org) is an open access digital
library for biodiversity literature and archives.
51+ MILLION PAGES
TITLES VOLUMES 114,000+ 194,000+
173+ MILLION INSTANCES OF TAXONOMIC NAMES
578+ IN-COPYRIGHT TITLES LICENSED FOR BHL
AGREEMENTS WITH 250+
LICENSORS *Stats as of February 2017
BHL is a Global Consortium
18 MEMBERS
AS OF FEBRUARY 2017 15 AFFILIATES 60+ WORLDWIDE PARTNERS
CHECK YOUR HANDOUTS! Books from Alice’s Talk in BHL
64,500+ TOTAL FOLLOWERS ON SOCIAL MEDIA
TOTAL FOLLOWERS 11,800+
TOTAL FOLLOWERS 11,400+ TOTAL FOLLOWERS 32,300+
TOTAL FOLLOWERS 5,000+
AVERAGE MONTHLY READERS (CY16)
2,300+
FOLLOW @BIODIVLIBRARY
*Stats as of February 2017
TOTAL FOLLOWERS 4,000+
110,000+ IMAGES IN FLICKR
TOTAL IMAGES TAGGED 31,500+
223+ MILLION TOTAL VIEWS ON IMAGES
OF TOTAL FLICKR COLLECTION TAGGED
TAGGED IMAGES IN EOL
29% 18,000+
BHL FLICKR NAMED 1 OF WIRED’S 27 MUST-FOLLOW FEEDS IN
THE WORLD OF SCIENCE *Stats as of February 2017.
WWW.FLICKR.COM/BIODIVLIBRARY
COLOR OUR COLLECTIONS www.biodiversitylibrary.org/collection/ColorOurCollections
De aquatilibus WOODCUTS
Ø By Pierre Belon, 1553 Ø Beginning of modern
ichthyology Ø Start of modern embryology
Ø Used to print paper documents in Asia as early as 7th century AD.
Ø Earliest known dated printed book from China, 868 AD.
Ø Late 14th/Early 15th century used for printing in Europe.
Ø By mid-15th century, used to print block books and illustrated books in Europe.
Woodcuts…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/5765
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/5765
De aquatilibus (1553)
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/5765
De aquatilibus (1553)
De aquatilibus WOODCUTS
Ø By Pierre Belon, 1553 Ø Beginning of modern
ichthyology Ø Start of modern embryology
Ø Used to print paper documents in Asia as early as 7th century AD.
Ø Earliest known dated printed book from China, 868 AD.
Ø Late 14th/Early 15th century used for printing in Europe.
Ø By mid-15th century, used to print block books and illustrated books in Europe.
Woodcuts…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/5765
Woodcut Process Printing-block (woodcut), probably pearwood. Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian, South Germany, c. 1470–1475. Image: Public Domain.
Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands
ETCHINGS
Ø By Mark Catesby, 1729-47 Ø First fully-illustrated book on
the flora and fauna of North America.
Ø Earliest known examples of its use from Germany in the mid-1400s.
Ø Etching process in printmaking believed to date to 1515.
Ø Intaglio processes became standard for illustrating books by late 16th century.
Ø Used predominantly until the mid-19th century when lithography started gaining ground.
Intaglio Printmaking…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/62015
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/62015
Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands (1729-47)
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/62015
Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands (1729-47)
Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands
ETCHINGS
Ø By Mark Catesby, 1729-47 Ø First fully-illustrated book on
the flora and fauna of North America.
Ø Earliest known examples of its use from Germany in the mid-1400s.
Ø Etching process in printmaking believed to date to 1515.
Ø Intaglio processes became standard for illustrating books by late 16th century.
Ø Used predominantly until the mid-19th century when lithography started gaining ground.
Intaglio Printmaking…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/62015
Etching Process Copper etching plate and print. Rembrandt. The Virgin and Child with a Cat, 1654. Image: CC-BY-SA. Author: NotFromUtrecht.
Plantarum historia succulentarum
ENGRAVINGS
Ø Illustrated by the Raphael of flowers, Pierre-Joseph Redoute ́.
Ø Published 1799-1837. Ø The first botanical publication
for which Redoute ́ was the sole artist.
Ø Dots, rather than lines, are used to give a finer, more delicate impression of tone and shading.
Stipple Engraving…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/503
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/503
Plantarum historia succulentarum (1799-1837)
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/503
Plantarum historia succulentarum (1799-1837)
Plantarum historia succulentarum
ENGRAVINGS
Ø Illustrated by the Raphael of flowers, Pierre-Joseph Redoute ́.
Ø Published 1799-1837. Ø The first botanical publication
for which Redoute ́ was the sole artist.
Ø Dots, rather than lines, are used to give a finer, more delicate impression of tone and shading.
Stipple Engraving…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/503
The Birds of Australia LITHOGRAPHY
Ø By John Gould, 1840-48. Ø First comprehensive survey of
the birds of Australia. Ø Lithographs by Elizabeth Gould,
Henry Constantine Richter, Edward Lear, and Waterhouse Hawkins.
Ø First discovered by a German actor and playwright, Alois Senefelder, in 1796.
Ø Used to varying degrees in early 19th century, increasingly popular from mid-century onward.
Lithography…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/105698
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/105698
The Birds of Australia (1840-48)
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/105698
The Birds of Australia (1840-48)
The Birds of Australia LITHOGRAPHY
Ø By John Gould, 1840-48. Ø First comprehensive survey of
the birds of Australia. Ø Lithographs by Elizabeth Gould,
Henry Constantine Richter, Edward Lear, and Waterhouse Hawkins.
Ø First discovered by a German actor and playwright, Alois Senefelder, in 1796.
Ø Used to varying degrees in early 19th century, increasingly popular from mid-century onward.
Lithography…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/105698
Lithography Process
Litography stone showing an old map of Munich. Image: CC-BY-SA. Author: Chris 73.
Les orchidées CHROMO-LITHOGRAPHY
Ø By Émile de Puydt, 1880. Ø A treatise on cultivated orchids. Ø 50 full-page chromolithographs.
Ø Arose in mid-19th century, around late 1830s.
Ø Used multiple stones to print lithographs in color.
Ø Popular into 20th century, until it was replaced by cheaper techniques like offset printing around the 1930s.
Chromolithography…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/77404
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/77404 Les orchidées (1880)
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/77404 Les orchidées (1880)
Les orchidées CHROMO-LITHOGRAPHY
Ø By Émile de Puydt, 1880. Ø A treatise on cultivated orchids. Ø 50 full-page chromolithographs.
Ø Arose in mid-19th century, around late 1830s.
Ø Used multiple stones to print lithographs in color.
Ø Popular into 20th century, until it was replaced by cheaper techniques like offset printing around the 1930s.
Chromolithography…
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/77404
Additional Resources Ø History of Printing: American Printing History Association
Ø https://printinghistory.org/timeline/ Ø Woodblock Printing: John Steins
Ø http://www.johnsteins.com/woodblock-printing.html Ø Intaglio Techniques: National Gallery of Art
Ø https://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/clrflimpr-tech.shtm Ø Lithography: The Met
Ø http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/lith/hd_lith.htm Ø Chromolithography: University of Delaware Library:
Ø http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/color/lithogr.htm
Find & Download Botanical Art in BHL Ø To go: http://bit.do/BotanicalArt Ø Click on link to view page in BHL Ø Follow download instructions
here: http://bit.do/HighQualityJPEG
Ø To go: http://bit.do/BotanicalArt Ø Click on link to view page in BHL Ø Follow download instructions
here: http://bit.do/HighQualityJPEG
Find & Download Botanical Art in BHL
Find & Download Botanical Art in BHL Ø To go: http://bit.do/BotanicalArt Ø Click on link to view page in BHL Ø Follow download instructions
here: http://bit.do/HighQualityJPEG
Thank You! Questions? Grace Costantino CostantinoG@si.edu
Stay Connected with BHL! Follow @BioDivLibrary on social media
Join our Mailing List: library.si.edu/bhl-newsletter-signup
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