GM crops food security ppt

GM CROPS AND FOOD SECURITY

P. ANANDA KUMARInstitute of Biotechnology

PJTSAU

“Food Security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs andfood preference for an active and healthy life”

World Food Summit, 1996: FAO, 1996

FOOD SECURITY

ATTAINING FOOD SECURITY

3 components central to food security

AvailabilityAdequacy Accessibility

INDIA

2008: 1.15 b2050: 1.50 b

POPULATION

COMMODITY 2000 2010 2020

FOOD GRAINS 208.0 266.0 343.0

EDIBLE OIL 6.3 9.4 13.0

VEGETABLES 80.0 117.2 168.0

FRUITS 22.2 42.9 81.0

MILK 84.0 153.1 271.0

MEAT, FISH & EGGS

6.2 12.7 27.0

SUGAR 12.8 17.3 22.0

TIFAC: TECHNOLOGY VISION 2020

FUTURE NEED Million Tonnes

INDIAN AGRICULTURE

• Agriculture represents 22% GDP• 126 million farming families engaged in

Primary agriculture • 234 million in agriculture sector• Average farm size – 1.41 Ha• 90 % production - domestic use• Export – $6 billion (1.5% of total exports)• 700 million people living in 683,000 villages

IMPEDIMENTS

Urbanization Diminishing area of cultivated land Soil erosion Salinization of land Depleting water resources Vanishing energy resources New threats (E.g., Ug99) Global climate change

SPECIFIC PROBLEMS

Malnutrition Undernourishment Micronutrient deficiency Anemia in women and children Strict consumer preferences

BIOTECH OPPORTUNITIES• Break Yield Barriers

• Improve productivity –output/input ratio

• Improve quality of foods and grains

• Minimize chemical inputs – pesticides and fertilizers

• Integrated Management - Insect pests and diseases

JUDICIOUS COMBINATION OF

PLANT BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

GM CROPS-THE PROMISE

More foodBetter quality foodSafer foodHealthy foodsDesigner foods

PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERING

Genetic manipulation of a plantspecies by introduction and expression

of a foreign gene or its own gene to confer a novel trait or character

Dr Bruce Chassy, UIUC

CROWN-GALL DISEASE IN PLANTS

The disease is characterized by a tumour-like growth on the infected plant, often at the junction between the root and the shoot.

APPROACHES

AgrobacteriumParticle bombardmentDNA uptake by protoplastsElectroporationLasersSilica nanoparticles

PIONEERS

Mary Dell-Chilton Marc Van Montagu Jeff Schell

Promoter Coding Sequence Terminator

TransformationVector

Ligation

Ligation

Making a “Gene Construct”

Transgenic Plant

Term. Promoter

Binary Vector

Hypocotyl InoculationCallus Induction

Embryogenesis

Shooting

SuspensionCulture

Rooting

Coding Sequence

Transformation systems currently in place for all crop species

MAKING A TRANSGENIC PLANT

Agrobacterium

GENE GUN

Gene gun

GM CROPS(Transgenic Crops)

• Resistance to pests and diseases• Tolerance to drought and salinity• Production of high yielding hybrids• Improvement of protein and oil quality• Post-harvest traits• Metabolic manipulation• Therapeutics• Edible vaccines• Phytoremediation

GM CROPSGLOBAL STATUS

Area of GM crops in 2003is 170 million hectares in 28 countries

Herbicide toleranceInsect pest resistance

Virus resistanceMale sterility

Modified oil quality

ISAAA, 2007ISAAA, 2014

GM CROPS – BENEFITS - 1996-2006

ECONOMICNet gain US$ 34 billion

SOCIALAlleviation of poverty by enhancing the income of resource-poorReduction of drudgery- Farm labour and women

ENVIRONMENTALReduced pesticide usageProtection of water, soil, biodiversity, animal and human health

Brookes and Barfoot, 2009

Slow-Ripening Tomato

“Flavr-Savr”

(First commercialized GM crop-1994)

• Improved texture

• Delayed ripening

• Facilitation of transportation

PEST RESISTANCE

Bt Cotton - 1995• Carries a gene coding for δ-endotoxin of Bt

(Bacillus thuringiensis, a biopesticide)

• The gene confers resistance to bollworms

• Protects the yield

• Drastically reduces pesticide consumption (290,000 METRIC TONS OF PESTICIDE

INGREDIENT)

Non-Bt (Tigers) and Bt cotton

Bt-cotton - First GM crop – 2002Area – 10.0 million hectares - 2013Bt cotton hybrids - 1200 - 2013Net economic benefit - $ 225/haYield gain - 31%Reduction in pesticide sprays – 39%Increase in profit – 88%Second in global cotton production

(34 million bales - 2013-14)

Bt-COTTON IN INDIA

MHB-4 Bt MHB-9 Bt

MHB-11 Bt

MHB-39 Bt

Bt-BRINJAL HYBRIDSM/S Mahyco, Jalna

MHBJ-99 BtMHB-80 Bt

Field Trials

Reduction in insecticide use

Increase in fruit yield (%) over

For FSB All pests Non-Bt

2004-05 80.0 40.4 154.2

2005-06 74.5 43.2 113.0

Average 77.2 41.8 133.6

AICVIP FIELD TRIALS WITH BT BRINJAL HYBRIDS

AICVIP, ICAR, 2007

Bt-Brinjal (ICAR)

Licensed to four seed companies - PPP

DISEASE RESISTANCE

• Transgenic Papaya

• Resistant to Papaya Ring Spot Virus

• Commercial Cultivation in Hawaii and China

Dr Bruce Chassy, UIUC

LATE BLIGHT RESISTANT POTATO

Cv. Kufri BaharDr S K Chakrabarti, CPRI

HERBICIDE RESISTANCE

Resistant to eco-friendly herbicides

Soybean, corn, cotton, Canola and alfalfa

Predominant trait

CONSERVATION TILLAGE AND BETTER WEED CONTROLFacilitates adoption of reduced tillage systems (strip-till)Sustainable agricultural systems by maintaining natural resources; Enhanced nutrient availability; Less crop damage and Improved yields

Roundup Ready Flex Bt cotton – Field tests

NURITIONAL QUALITY

NURITIONAL QUALITY

NUTRITIONAL QUALITY

*Expression of enzymes of β-carotene pathway in rice endosperm

*Amelioration of Vitamin A deficiency

“Golden Rice”

Dr Gerard Barry, IRRI

GOLDEN RICE

Dr Gerard Barry, IRRI

IARI, New Delhi

DRR, Hyderabad

TNAU, Coimbatore

INDIAN GOLDEN RICE NETWORK CENTRES

Swarna Jaya

ADT43 ASD16

IBPT5204 MTU1010

Dr A K Singh, IARI

IRON AVAILABILITY

Co-expression of soybean ferritin and Aspergillus phytase in maize endosperm resulted in an increased availability and absorption of iron

Drakakaki et al., PMB 2005; 59: 869-880.

Qu et al., Planta 2005; 222: 225-233

FERRITIN IN RICE ENDOSPERM

• High β-carotene maize• High lysine rice• High folic acid rice• High iron wheat• High β -carotene cassava• High β -carotene potato• High β -carotene groundnut

BIOFORTIFICATION-EFFORTS

OIL QUALITY

• High oleic acid canola and soybean.

(Unsaturated Fatty Acids-Healthy)

• High Laurate Canola (Industrial)

(Commercialized in USA, Calgene)

OIL QUALITY

Improved Protein Quality

Introduction of an Amaranthus gene coding for a protein with balanced amino acid content (WHO standards) in potato

Chakraborty et al., PNAS 2000; 97: 7 3724-3729

Improve protein in staple vegetables, cassava and potato

Removing allergens and anti-nutrients

Remove cyanide in roots of cassava

Remove glycoalkaloid toxin in potato

Allergenic proteins in rice and wheat

Increase antioxidant content

Lycopene content in tomato

NUTRITIONAL QUALITY

ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE

Bacterial RNA chaperones confer abiotic stress tolerance on plants

Plant Physiology 2008 ;147: 446-455.

DROUGHT TOLERANCE

Transgenic maize which expresses an RNA chaperone gene is tolerant to salt and

water stressAFRICA

CIMMYT-MONSANTO

Melinda & Bill Gates Foundation

Howard Buffett Foundation

NIROGEN USE EFFICIENCY

Expression of Dof1, a transcription

factor improved NUE in

Arabidopsis under low nitrogen

Yanagisawa et al., PNAS 2004;101:7833-7838

HYBRID PRODUCTION

• Creation of male sterile and restorer lines

• Use of bacterial genes Barnase & Barstar

(E.g. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)

• Production of high yielding hybrids• Hybrids of Canola Commercialized

(Canada, Australia, USA)

EDIBLE VACCINES

• Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Banana Fruits

• Expression of Cholera toxin subunits in Potato

Safe and Painless Immunization

(Dr C. Arntzen, Cornell Univ.,)

EDIBLE VACCINE AGAINST HIV

JP 120 protein in maize seed

FLORICULTURE

• Manipulation of flower colour

• Shelf-Life of cut flowers

• Novel pigmentation i).Violet Carnation Moondust - Australia, Japan ii). Blue Rose (Japan)

PHYTOREMEDIATION

• Removal of pollutants, heavy metals and toxic substances from soil

• Transgenic Poplar expressing merA gene coding for mercury reductase coverts toxic ionic mercury to elemental mercury.

INDIA GM CROPS - STATUS

• PUBLIC RESEARCH INSTITUTES:– 14 Crop Networks, 10 Universities– 12 crops (cotton, brinjal, mustard, potato,

peanuts, tomato, pulses, rice, wheat, cabbage, cauliflower and okra)

• PRIVATE INDUSTRY:– 5 Multinationals, 10 small companies– 9 crops (cotton, brinjal, rice, cabbage,

cauliflower, okra, corn, tomato, pigeonpea)

POTENTIAL TRANSGENICS

Bt RICE, OKRA, CABBAGE – Mahyco, Jalna

Bt CABBAGE - NUNHEMS, New Delhi

BPH-RESISTANT RICE-OSMANIA UNI, Hyderabad

PROTEIN QUALITY POTATO – JNU, New Delhi

SALT TOLERANT RICE - MSSRF, Chennai

APHID RESISTANT MUSTARD – IIT, Kharagpur

PODBORER RESISTANT CHICKPEA-AAU, Jorhat

“Golden rice” – Syngenta, IARI, DRR, UDSC & TNAU Bt-brinjal – ABSP II - Mahyco, UAS-D, TNAU & IIVR GM-papaya – Monsanto and TNAU

PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS

Private Co., Public Institute

Public Institute Private Co.,

Bt-cotton-IIT, Kharagpur - M/S J. K. Agri. Bt-cotton (NBRI) – J.K. Agri-Genetics Bt-brinjal (NRCPB) – M/S Bejo Sheetal and 3 other companies

BIOSAFETY

TRANSGENIC CROPS SHOULD BE“SUBSTANTIALLY EQUIVALENT”

TO THEIR CONVENTIONAL COUNTERPARTS

AND POSE NO GREATER RISK

CONVENTION OF BIODIVERSITY - 1992THE CARTAGENA PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY (CPB) - 1993CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION - 1962

NEAR FUTURE

• Pest resistant legumes• Drought tolerant rice and wheat• Disease resistance in major crops• Enhanced nutrient use efficiency• Heterosis and apomixis in cropsLIMIT : IMAN !

THANK YOU