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All about GM crops a ppt by Prof. P. Ananda Kumar, Institute of Biotechnology, PJTSAU
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GM CROPS AND FOOD SECURITY
P. ANANDA KUMARInstitute of Biotechnology
PJTSAU
“Food Security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs andfood preference for an active and healthy life”
World Food Summit, 1996: FAO, 1996
FOOD SECURITY
ATTAINING FOOD SECURITY
3 components central to food security
AvailabilityAdequacy Accessibility
INDIA
2008: 1.15 b2050: 1.50 b
POPULATION
COMMODITY 2000 2010 2020
FOOD GRAINS 208.0 266.0 343.0
EDIBLE OIL 6.3 9.4 13.0
VEGETABLES 80.0 117.2 168.0
FRUITS 22.2 42.9 81.0
MILK 84.0 153.1 271.0
MEAT, FISH & EGGS
6.2 12.7 27.0
SUGAR 12.8 17.3 22.0
TIFAC: TECHNOLOGY VISION 2020
FUTURE NEED Million Tonnes
INDIAN AGRICULTURE
• Agriculture represents 22% GDP• 126 million farming families engaged in
Primary agriculture • 234 million in agriculture sector• Average farm size – 1.41 Ha• 90 % production - domestic use• Export – $6 billion (1.5% of total exports)• 700 million people living in 683,000 villages
IMPEDIMENTS
Urbanization Diminishing area of cultivated land Soil erosion Salinization of land Depleting water resources Vanishing energy resources New threats (E.g., Ug99) Global climate change
SPECIFIC PROBLEMS
Malnutrition Undernourishment Micronutrient deficiency Anemia in women and children Strict consumer preferences
BIOTECH OPPORTUNITIES• Break Yield Barriers
• Improve productivity –output/input ratio
• Improve quality of foods and grains
• Minimize chemical inputs – pesticides and fertilizers
• Integrated Management - Insect pests and diseases
JUDICIOUS COMBINATION OF
PLANT BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
GM CROPS-THE PROMISE
More foodBetter quality foodSafer foodHealthy foodsDesigner foods
PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERING
Genetic manipulation of a plantspecies by introduction and expression
of a foreign gene or its own gene to confer a novel trait or character
Dr Bruce Chassy, UIUC
CROWN-GALL DISEASE IN PLANTS
The disease is characterized by a tumour-like growth on the infected plant, often at the junction between the root and the shoot.
APPROACHES
AgrobacteriumParticle bombardmentDNA uptake by protoplastsElectroporationLasersSilica nanoparticles
PIONEERS
Mary Dell-Chilton Marc Van Montagu Jeff Schell
Promoter Coding Sequence Terminator
TransformationVector
Ligation
Ligation
Making a “Gene Construct”
Transgenic Plant
Term. Promoter
Binary Vector
Hypocotyl InoculationCallus Induction
Embryogenesis
Shooting
SuspensionCulture
Rooting
Coding Sequence
Transformation systems currently in place for all crop species
MAKING A TRANSGENIC PLANT
Agrobacterium
GENE GUN
Gene gun
GM CROPS(Transgenic Crops)
• Resistance to pests and diseases• Tolerance to drought and salinity• Production of high yielding hybrids• Improvement of protein and oil quality• Post-harvest traits• Metabolic manipulation• Therapeutics• Edible vaccines• Phytoremediation
GM CROPSGLOBAL STATUS
Area of GM crops in 2003is 170 million hectares in 28 countries
Herbicide toleranceInsect pest resistance
Virus resistanceMale sterility
Modified oil quality
ISAAA, 2007ISAAA, 2014
GM CROPS – BENEFITS - 1996-2006
ECONOMICNet gain US$ 34 billion
SOCIALAlleviation of poverty by enhancing the income of resource-poorReduction of drudgery- Farm labour and women
ENVIRONMENTALReduced pesticide usageProtection of water, soil, biodiversity, animal and human health
Brookes and Barfoot, 2009
Slow-Ripening Tomato
“Flavr-Savr”
(First commercialized GM crop-1994)
• Improved texture
• Delayed ripening
• Facilitation of transportation
PEST RESISTANCE
Bt Cotton - 1995• Carries a gene coding for δ-endotoxin of Bt
(Bacillus thuringiensis, a biopesticide)
• The gene confers resistance to bollworms
• Protects the yield
• Drastically reduces pesticide consumption (290,000 METRIC TONS OF PESTICIDE
INGREDIENT)
Non-Bt (Tigers) and Bt cotton
Bt-cotton - First GM crop – 2002Area – 10.0 million hectares - 2013Bt cotton hybrids - 1200 - 2013Net economic benefit - $ 225/haYield gain - 31%Reduction in pesticide sprays – 39%Increase in profit – 88%Second in global cotton production
(34 million bales - 2013-14)
Bt-COTTON IN INDIA
MHB-4 Bt MHB-9 Bt
MHB-11 Bt
MHB-39 Bt
Bt-BRINJAL HYBRIDSM/S Mahyco, Jalna
MHBJ-99 BtMHB-80 Bt
Field Trials
Reduction in insecticide use
Increase in fruit yield (%) over
For FSB All pests Non-Bt
2004-05 80.0 40.4 154.2
2005-06 74.5 43.2 113.0
Average 77.2 41.8 133.6
AICVIP FIELD TRIALS WITH BT BRINJAL HYBRIDS
AICVIP, ICAR, 2007
Bt-Brinjal (ICAR)
Licensed to four seed companies - PPP
DISEASE RESISTANCE
• Transgenic Papaya
• Resistant to Papaya Ring Spot Virus
• Commercial Cultivation in Hawaii and China
Dr Bruce Chassy, UIUC
LATE BLIGHT RESISTANT POTATO
Cv. Kufri BaharDr S K Chakrabarti, CPRI
HERBICIDE RESISTANCE
Resistant to eco-friendly herbicides
Soybean, corn, cotton, Canola and alfalfa
Predominant trait
CONSERVATION TILLAGE AND BETTER WEED CONTROLFacilitates adoption of reduced tillage systems (strip-till)Sustainable agricultural systems by maintaining natural resources; Enhanced nutrient availability; Less crop damage and Improved yields
Roundup Ready Flex Bt cotton – Field tests
NURITIONAL QUALITY
NURITIONAL QUALITY
NUTRITIONAL QUALITY
*Expression of enzymes of β-carotene pathway in rice endosperm
*Amelioration of Vitamin A deficiency
“Golden Rice”
Dr Gerard Barry, IRRI
GOLDEN RICE
Dr Gerard Barry, IRRI
IARI, New Delhi
DRR, Hyderabad
TNAU, Coimbatore
INDIAN GOLDEN RICE NETWORK CENTRES
Swarna Jaya
ADT43 ASD16
IBPT5204 MTU1010
Dr A K Singh, IARI
IRON AVAILABILITY
Co-expression of soybean ferritin and Aspergillus phytase in maize endosperm resulted in an increased availability and absorption of iron
Drakakaki et al., PMB 2005; 59: 869-880.
Qu et al., Planta 2005; 222: 225-233
FERRITIN IN RICE ENDOSPERM
• High β-carotene maize• High lysine rice• High folic acid rice• High iron wheat• High β -carotene cassava• High β -carotene potato• High β -carotene groundnut
BIOFORTIFICATION-EFFORTS
OIL QUALITY
• High oleic acid canola and soybean.
(Unsaturated Fatty Acids-Healthy)
• High Laurate Canola (Industrial)
(Commercialized in USA, Calgene)
OIL QUALITY
Improved Protein Quality
Introduction of an Amaranthus gene coding for a protein with balanced amino acid content (WHO standards) in potato
Chakraborty et al., PNAS 2000; 97: 7 3724-3729
Improve protein in staple vegetables, cassava and potato
Removing allergens and anti-nutrients
Remove cyanide in roots of cassava
Remove glycoalkaloid toxin in potato
Allergenic proteins in rice and wheat
Increase antioxidant content
Lycopene content in tomato
NUTRITIONAL QUALITY
ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE
Bacterial RNA chaperones confer abiotic stress tolerance on plants
Plant Physiology 2008 ;147: 446-455.
DROUGHT TOLERANCE
Transgenic maize which expresses an RNA chaperone gene is tolerant to salt and
water stressAFRICA
CIMMYT-MONSANTO
Melinda & Bill Gates Foundation
Howard Buffett Foundation
NIROGEN USE EFFICIENCY
Expression of Dof1, a transcription
factor improved NUE in
Arabidopsis under low nitrogen
Yanagisawa et al., PNAS 2004;101:7833-7838
HYBRID PRODUCTION
• Creation of male sterile and restorer lines
• Use of bacterial genes Barnase & Barstar
(E.g. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)
• Production of high yielding hybrids• Hybrids of Canola Commercialized
(Canada, Australia, USA)
EDIBLE VACCINES
• Expression of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Banana Fruits
• Expression of Cholera toxin subunits in Potato
Safe and Painless Immunization
(Dr C. Arntzen, Cornell Univ.,)
EDIBLE VACCINE AGAINST HIV
JP 120 protein in maize seed
FLORICULTURE
• Manipulation of flower colour
• Shelf-Life of cut flowers
• Novel pigmentation i).Violet Carnation Moondust - Australia, Japan ii). Blue Rose (Japan)
PHYTOREMEDIATION
• Removal of pollutants, heavy metals and toxic substances from soil
• Transgenic Poplar expressing merA gene coding for mercury reductase coverts toxic ionic mercury to elemental mercury.
INDIA GM CROPS - STATUS
• PUBLIC RESEARCH INSTITUTES:– 14 Crop Networks, 10 Universities– 12 crops (cotton, brinjal, mustard, potato,
peanuts, tomato, pulses, rice, wheat, cabbage, cauliflower and okra)
• PRIVATE INDUSTRY:– 5 Multinationals, 10 small companies– 9 crops (cotton, brinjal, rice, cabbage,
cauliflower, okra, corn, tomato, pigeonpea)
POTENTIAL TRANSGENICS
Bt RICE, OKRA, CABBAGE – Mahyco, Jalna
Bt CABBAGE - NUNHEMS, New Delhi
BPH-RESISTANT RICE-OSMANIA UNI, Hyderabad
PROTEIN QUALITY POTATO – JNU, New Delhi
SALT TOLERANT RICE - MSSRF, Chennai
APHID RESISTANT MUSTARD – IIT, Kharagpur
PODBORER RESISTANT CHICKPEA-AAU, Jorhat
“Golden rice” – Syngenta, IARI, DRR, UDSC & TNAU Bt-brinjal – ABSP II - Mahyco, UAS-D, TNAU & IIVR GM-papaya – Monsanto and TNAU
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
Private Co., Public Institute
Public Institute Private Co.,
Bt-cotton-IIT, Kharagpur - M/S J. K. Agri. Bt-cotton (NBRI) – J.K. Agri-Genetics Bt-brinjal (NRCPB) – M/S Bejo Sheetal and 3 other companies
BIOSAFETY
TRANSGENIC CROPS SHOULD BE“SUBSTANTIALLY EQUIVALENT”
TO THEIR CONVENTIONAL COUNTERPARTS
AND POSE NO GREATER RISK
CONVENTION OF BIODIVERSITY - 1992THE CARTAGENA PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY (CPB) - 1993CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION - 1962
NEAR FUTURE
• Pest resistant legumes• Drought tolerant rice and wheat• Disease resistance in major crops• Enhanced nutrient use efficiency• Heterosis and apomixis in cropsLIMIT : IMAN !
THANK YOU