View
42
Download
4
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
www.biologyqa.com
What are biomolecules?
The small reactive groups present in carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are known as functional groups.
www.biologyqa.com
Name Formula Present in Example
Amino -NH2 Amino acids
Types of functional groups
www.biologyqa.com
Name Formula Present in Example
Carbonyl -C=O Aldehydes and Ketones
Acetaldehyde
www.biologyqa.com
Name Formula Present in Example
Carboxyl -COOH Organic acids
Acetic acid
www.biologyqa.com
Name Formula Present in Example
Hydroxyl -OH Alcohols Ethanol
www.biologyqa.com
Name Formula Present in Example
Sulfydryl -SH Many cellular molecules
Cysteine
www.biologyqa.com
Name Formula Present in Example
Phospahte -PO4 DNA and RNA
www.biologyqa.com
•Most functional groups are polar.•Most functional groups are ionic.•Functional groups are soluble in water due to their polarity.•Functional groups have higher forces of attractions.•The non polar portion of biomolecules is chemically unreactive.•Some functional groups act as acids by donating a proton. e.g. carboxyl groups (COOH) can release a proton to become COO-.•Some functional groups act as bases by attracting a proton. e.g. Amino group(NH2) can attract a H+ ion to become NH3
+.
What are characteristic features of functional groups?
www.biologyqa.com
Types of biochemical reactions
All biochemical reactions involve breaking or making of chemical bonds. Thousands of biochemical reactions occur inside a cell. There are six major types of reactions that are common in biological processes.
www.biologyqa.com
1. Condensation or dehydration reactions: The removal of H and OH groups from two different reactants to make a water molecule is known as condensation or dehydration. This reaction is commonly used to join smaller molecules into large macro molecules.
www.biologyqa.com
2. Hydrolysis: In hydrolysis reaction, water acts as a reactant to split a larger molecules into smaller molecules. The H and OH groups are attached to two products that are formed after reaction.
www.biologyqa.com
3. Neutralization: When a reaction involves an acid and base to produce salt and water, it is known as neutralization.
HCl+NaOH→NaCl+H2O
www.biologyqa.com
4. Oxidation: Loss of one or more electrons from an atom or molecule is known as oxidation.
NADH→NAD++e-
www.biologyqa.com
5. Reduction: Gain of one or more electrons by an atom or molecule is known as reduction.
NAD++e-→NADH
www.biologyqa.com
6. Redox reaction: A chemical reaction where electrons lost by one atom are gained by another atom.
Cl2+NaI→NaCl+I2
0 +1 -1 +1 -1 0
Oxidation
Reduction
Recommended