BIOCHEMISTRY

Biochemical processes are chemical reactions that occur in ALL living things

Objectives:Classify the variety of organic compounds.

Compare the chemical structures macromolecules and relate their importance to living things.

Do Now

What are living creatures made of?

Why do we have to eat?

Elements of Life

96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N)

Molecules of Life

Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms

What are bodies made of? carbohydrates

sugars & starches proteins fats (lipids) nucleic acids

DNA, RNA

The Role of Carbon in Organisms

Organic compounds contain carbon & hydrogen

Inorganic compounds do not contain both carbon & hydrogen

Which of the following molecules is considered organic?

Acids and Bases

Use the pH scale to determine acidity

Building large molecules of life

Chain together smaller molecules building block molecules = monomers

Big molecules built from little molecules polymers

Building large organic molecules

Small molecules = building blocks

Bond them together = polymers

Making and Breaking of POLYMERS

Cells link monomers to form polymers by dehydration synthesis (building up)

Short polymer Unlinked monomerRemoval ofwater molecule

Longer polymer

Making and Breaking of POLYMERS

Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis (hydro ~ add water; lysis ~ to split)

Addition ofwater molecule

In class assignment

Make 2 monomers of glucose C6H12O6 out of play dough (3 colors)

Create a polymer by simulating dehydration synthesis

Create 5 monomers by simulating hydrolysis

Carbohydrates Building block molecules =

sugarsugarsugarsugarsugarsugarsugarsugar

sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar

sugars

sucrose

Carbohydrates Function:

quick energy energy storage structure

cell wall in plants

Examples sugars starches cellulose (cell wall)

glucoseC6H12O6

starch

Sugars = building blocks

Names for sugars usually end in glucose fructose sucrose maltose

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

glucoseC6H12O6

sucrose

fructose

maltose

-ose

The structure of carbohydrates

The monomer (building block) of a carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide*

(ie. glucose, fructose)

are the fuels for cellular work

Function as energy storage

Mono ~ one sacchar ~ sugar)

Building carbohydrates Synthesis

|glucose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

2 sugars = disaccharide

|maltose

mono = onesaccharide = sugardi = two

Building carbohydrates Synthesis

|fructose

|glucose

1 sugar = monosaccharide

|sucrose(table sugar)

2 sugars = disaccharide

BIG carbohydrates Polysaccharides

large carbohydrates starch

energy storage in plants potatoes

glycogen energy storage in animals

in liver & muscles cellulose

structure in plants cell walls

chitin structure in arthropods & fungi

exoskeleton

poly = many

Lipids Examples

fatsoilswaxeshormones

sex hormonestestosterone (male)estrogen (female)

Lipids

Function: energy storage

very concentrated twice the energy as carbohydrates!

cell membrane cushions organs insulates body

think whale blubber!

Structure of Fatnot a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”

Saturated fats

Most animal fats solid at room

temperature Limit the amount

in your diet contributes to

heart disease deposits in arteries

Unsaturated fats

Plant, vegetable & fish fats liquid at room

temperature the fat molecules

don’t stack tightlytogether

Better choice in your diet

Other lipids in biology

Cholesterol good molecule in cell membranes make hormones from it

including sex hormones but too much cholesterol in blood may

lead to heart disease

Other lipids in biology

Cell membranes are made out of lipids phospholipids heads are on the outside touching water

“like” water tails are on inside away from water

“scared” of water forms a barrier

between the cell & the outside

Nucleic Acids

Examples DNA

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

RNA RiboNucleic Acid

RNA

DNADNA

Nucleic Acids Function:

genetic materialstores information

genesblueprint for building proteins

DNA RNA proteinstransfers information

blueprint for new cellsblueprint for next generation

proteinsproteins

Nucleic acids Building block =nucleotides

5 different nucleotides different nitrogen bases A, T, C, G, U

nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

phosphate

sugar N base

Nitrogen basesI’m the A,T,C,G or Upart!

Nucleotide chains Nucleic acids

nucleotides chained into a polymer

DNAdouble-sideddouble helixA, C, G, T

RNAsingle-sidedA, C, G, U

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

strong bonds

RNA

DNA Double strand twists into a double helix

weak bonds between nitrogen bases join the 2 strandsA pairs with T

A :: TC pairs with G

C :: G the two strands can

separate when our cells need to make copies of it

weak bonds

Copying DNA Replication

copy DNA 2 strands of DNA helix are

complementary they are matching have one, can build other have one, can rebuild the whole

Copying DNA pairing of the bases

allows each strand to serve as a pattern for a new strand

Newly copied strands of DNA

DNA replication

collagen (skin)

Proteins

insulin

Examples muscle skin, hair, fingernails, claws

collagen, keratin

pepsin digestive enzyme

in stomach

insulin hormone that controls blood

sugar levels

pepsin

4. PROTEINS

Essential to the structures and activities of life Make up 50% of dry weight of cells Contain carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen PLUS

nitrogen and sometimes sulfur Proteins are involved in

cellular structure Movement (muscles) Defense (antibodies) Transport (blood) Communication

Monomers are called amino acids

The structure of proteins

20 common amino acids that can make literally thousands of proteins.

Their diversity is based on different arrangements of amino acids

R = variable group- which distinguishes each of the 20 different amino acids

Amino acid chains Proteins

amino acids chained into a polymer

Each amino acid is different some “like” water & dissolve in it some “fear” water & separate

from it

amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid

pepsin

For proteins: SHAPE matters!

collagen

Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape that’s what happens in the cell!

Different shapes = different jobs

hemoglobingrowthhormone

It’s SHAPE that matters!

Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape

Unfolding a protein destroys its shape wrong shape = can’t do its job unfolding proteins = “denature”

temperature pH (acidity)

folded

unfolded“denatured”

Macromolecules

Enzymes

Enzymes are important proteins found in living things. An enzyme is a protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

(SEE SEPARATE LECTURE.)