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Antonio F. Logrieco Mycokey Coordinator
1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa
2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
4. International mycotoxin networking initiatives
5. MycoKey project
1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa
2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
4. International mycotoxin initiatives
5. MycoKey project
39 nations with known regulations (99 % of inhabitants of the region)
EU harmonized limits exist for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin,DON, zearalenone, fumonisins
EU food limits considered for T-2/HT-2, ergot alkaloids and other mycotoxins
EU feed limits exist for aflatoxin B1
EU feed guidance values exist for ochratoxin A and some Fusarium toxins (FAO FNP 81, 2004)
1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa
Food
1,53,6
1,8
5,519,6
ASIA / OCEANIA
LATIN AMERICA
AFRICA
EUROPEE
NORTH AMERICA
Feed1,3
1,71,0
13,5
8,5
EUROPEE
NORTH AMERICA
LATIN AMERICA
ASIA / OCEANIAAFRICA
1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa
(FAO FNP 81, 2004)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
AFT
AFB1
AFM1
AFG1
OTA
PAT
ZEN
myc
otox
ins
number of countries
15 nations with known regulations (59 % of inhabitants of the region)
Majority of countries: regulations unknown or non-existent
Several countries indicate regulations should be developed
Regulations mainly for aflatoxins Most detailed: Morocco
6
1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa
(FAO FNP 81, 2004)
1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa
Mycotoxin notifications: 54Border rejections: 280Information for attention: 44Alert: 5Information for follow-up: 383 RASFF 2014 Annual Report
RASFF 2013 Annual Report
2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins
1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa
2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
4. International mycotoxin initiatives
5. MycoKey project
Prediction map of aflatoxin B1 risk in peanuts growing areas on a global scale
2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins
Battilani and Logrieco, 2013
Battilani and Logrieco, 2013
2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins
EU Imported products with high risk of mycotoxin contamination:•maize, (fumonisins and aflatoxins) from all continents•cereals (deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A) mostly from north and south America•coffee, (ochratoxin A) mostly South America & Africa•pistachio nuts, (aflatoxins) mostly from North Africa & Asia•Peanuts & other nuts, (aflatoxins) mostly North, South America & Africa•Spices (aflatoxins) mostly from Asia & Africa
2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins
Export compliance with food safety and quality standards.
Total losses: $1.2 billion
World Bank estimate of lost trade US$ 450 million
Some countries active to meet standards by putting in place relevant institutions
Best quality exported; poorer quality consumed domestically. Peanut
Maize
Coffee
Cocoa
2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins
Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, 2006
estimated 55 million tests (mostly cheap antibiotic tests) Average cost of test (ACT): 50-60€ (1.5€ in antibiotics) Expected annual growth to 2020: volume 6%, value10-12%
35%
25%
40%75%
Antibiotics& Other
PesticidesTraditional methods
Novel methods
4%
12% Service(product)
Kits in-house
300 million €
21% Kits in service
Service(time)63%
25%
Mycotoxins
2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins
HPLC*, UHPLC*,HPLC*, UHPLC*, LC-MSLC-MS
CLEAN-UP
EXTRACTION
SAMPLING
DETECTION/DETERMINATION
* Fluorescence detector Derivatization: bromine (Kobra® cell); UV irradiation (UVE™)
Tedious sample preparation
Time consuming separation and detection
High costs
Skilled persons
Growing demand for rapid methods
Time of analysis: 5 - 20 minTime of analysis: 5 - 20 min simple sample preparation& inexpensive equipments suitable for screening purposes
2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins
Lateral flow device or dipstick
ADVANTAGES:ADVANTAGES: rapid (5-10 min), simple, no expensive equipments required, portable, limited use of organic solvents, suitable for screening purposes, can be used in situ
DISADVANTAGES:DISADVANTAGES: qualitative or semi-quantitative (cut off level), matrix interferences may affect result, possible false positive/negative results, cross-reactivity of antibody with other mycotoxins, sensitivity not acceptable at levels close to regulatory limits
• LFDs commercially available for AFs and FBs in maize, DON in wheat, OTA, ZEA, T-2 and HT-2 in cereal grains.
• Photometric strip readers allow quantitative analysis (LFD)
2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins
1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in
food chain4. International mycotoxin initiatives 5. MycoKey project
HOSTSusceptibility Growth StageFlowering synchrony
PATHOGENSpecies/
populationDensity/abundance Aggressiveness
ENVIRONMENTTemperatureMoisture Radiation Disease
and Mycotoxins
Similar factors influence the development of disease and
resulting mycotoxin accumulation (overlapping triangles)
Important differences in the relationships between host plants, pathogen and environment may affect
disease and toxin differently (offsetting the
triangles)
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
DISTRIBUTION
STORAGE PROCESSING CONSUMPTION
Field fungi Field fungi (mainly Aspergillus, Alternaria, etc.)
GROWING
CROPS
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
Storage fungi Storage fungi (mainly Aspergillus, Penicillum, etc.)
PRE-HARVEST
POST-HARVEST
PRE-HARVEST POST-HARVEST
Complex (too many factors)
Limited control
Problems and side effects of corrective actions
Simple
Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) limit toxin accumulation
No side effects
Which critical aspects should be tackled to encourage a sustainable and effective
mycotoxin management in Africa??
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY LACK OF KNOWLEDGE IN
DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)
Resistant varieties
Crop rotation
Soil treatment
In-planta detoxification
Fungicide application
Biological control
Weed and pest management
Agronomic measures
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
ECONOMIC CONTRAINTSPOLITICAL INCENTIVESSOIL EROSIONOGM RELEASELIMITED APPLIED RESEARCH
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)
Resistant varieties
Crop rotation
Soil treatment
In-planta detoxification
Fungicide application
Biological control
Weed and pest management
Agronomic measures
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
EXPENSIVE POTENTIAL HARM TO BENEFICIAL
INSECTS AND ENVIRONMENT RESIDUES IN FOOD HAZARD FOR THE HEALTH AND
SAFETY OF WORKERS HANDLING FUNGICIDES
PATHOGENS RESISTANCE
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)
Resistant varieties
Crop rotation
Soil treatment
In-planta detoxification
Fungicide application
Biological control
Weed and pest management
Agronomic measures
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
EXPENSIVEUNRELIABLE (variation in the application due to environmental conditions) LIMITED EFFICIENCY (survival) IMPACT ON ECOSYSTEM AND HEALTH
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)
Resistant varieties
Crop rotation
Soil treatment
In-planta detoxification
Fungicide application
Biological control
Weed and pest management
Agronomic measures
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
Sorting
Storage
Detoxification
Intake prevention
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
Sorting
Storage
Detoxification
Intake prevention
LOSS OF UNCONTAMINATED MATERIALS
DISPOSAL OF REFUSES FLEXIBILITY NEEDED
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
Sorting
Storage
Detoxification
Intake prevention
EXPENSIVE TREATMENTS INTEGRATION OF DATA REGARDING
PARAMETERS/CONDITIONS
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
Sorting
Storage
Detoxification
Intake prevention
LOW EFFICACY OF EXISTING APPROACHES (CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL)
POTENTIAL TOXICOLOGICAL RISKS
LACK OF STANDARD VALIDATED PROCEDURES
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
Sorting
Storage
Detoxification
Intake prevention
SAFE CHEMOPREVENTION STRATEGIES
•LACK OF SCIENTIFIC MODELS
3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination in food chain
1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination
in food chain EU/iternational mycotoxin initiatives 1. MycoKey project
Post-harvestPost-harvest
BIOCOPBIOCOPScreening for contaminants in food
OTAPREVOTAPREVOchratoxin Prevention in Wheat
OCHRATOXIN AOCHRATOXIN A RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT
SAFE ORGANIC VEGETABLESSAFE ORGANIC VEGETABLESThe Carrot Alternaria
Toxin Model
CONTROL MYCOTOX FOODCONTROL MYCOTOX FOOD Mycotoxin prevention in cereals
FP6
FP5
FP5
FP6
FP5
Horizontal technologiesHorizontal technologies
GOODFOODGOODFOODQuality monitoring in the food chain
DETOX-FUNGIDETOX-FUNGIToxigenic fungi detection
MYCOTOX INCO-DEVMYCOTOX INCO-DEVMycotoxin Control in Latin American South cone
CONffIDENCECONffIDENCEInexpensive detection of Contaminants
in the food chain
MYCOSENSEMYCOSENSENovel kit for rapid Mycotoxin Detection in food
FP5
FP6
FP5
FP5
FP7
2E-BCAs2E-BCAs in Cropsin CropsEnhancement of Biocontrol Agents
FUCOMYRFUCOMYRFusarium Resistant and Toxin Free Wheat
Pre-harvest Pre-harvest
RAFBCARAFBCARisk Assessment of Fungal Biological Control Agents
FP5
FP5
FP6
WINE-OCHRA -RISKWINE-OCHRA -RISKOchratoxin risk Assessment and Management
FP5
RAMFICRAMFICFusarium Risk Assessment Models
FP5
MONIQAMONIQAHarmonizing methods
in the food chain
COST 835COST 835Network on mycotoxin
and toxigenic fungi
EMANEMANEuropean Mycotoxin Awareness Network
MYCONETMYCONETEU Network for
identification emerging mycotoxin in wheat chain
FP5FP6
MYCOGLOBEMYCOGLOBEIntegration research on mycotoxins
and toxigenic fungi
FP6 FP5 FP6DisseminationDissemination
FP7
4. International mycotoxin initiatives
MYCOKEY & MYTOOLBOXMYCOKEY & MYTOOLBOXH2020
109 participants, 28 countries in Africa (15), Europe, Asia, North America and South America
Participants: Scientists, parliamentarians, heads of institutions, policymakers, trade and health specialists
4. International mycotoxin initiatives
Learning from the EU:Reducing Impact of Mycotoxins in Tropical Agriculture with Emphasis
on Health and Trade in Africa
4. International mycotoxin initiatives
4. International mycotoxin initiatives
New communities
Scientific cooperation
Projects linked to MycoRed
New communities Scientific Alliances
Training and educational
cooperation
Home education
4. International mycotoxin initiatives
36
Agreement in China
Agreement in Indonesia
Meetings in Africa
Local networks
4. International mycotoxin initiatives
Committee members of the newly established ASM
President of ASM: Prof. Bradley Flett (FlettB@arc.agric.za)President of ISM: Dr. Antonio Logrieco
Vice President: Prof. Sheila OkothTreasurer: Dr. Hanneke Alberts, Secretary: Prof. Olusegun Atanda, Additional
members: Dr. Juliet Akello, Dr. Benoit Gnonlonfin, Prof. Essam Ibraheem
4. International mycotoxin initiatives
ASM2015 - 1st African Symposium on Mycotoxicology Livingstone, 26-28 May 2015ASM2015 - 1st African Symposium on Mycotoxicology Livingstone, 26-28 May 2015
20 MycoRed Scientific Alliances2 Twinnings
SLAM NMASN
MPU JSM
EMAN
4. International mycotoxin initiatives
EU-ASIA NET
1. Importance of regulation EU-Africa2. Trade aspects related to mycotoxins3. Minimizing mycotoxin contamination
in food chain 4. International mycotoxin initiatives 5. MycoKey project
5. Mycokey project
1 Association
23 Scientific Partners3 Industrial Partners
5 SMEs
to generate innovative and integrated solutions and support stakeholders in effective and sustainable
mycotoxin management along food and feed chains.
to give a sound contribution for reducing mycotoxin contamination mainly in Europe and China, significant areas for their increasing mycotoxin occurrence, growing international trade of commodities and contaminated batches.
5. Mycokey project
ConsumersStorageField Industry
processing
Retailers
storage storagetransport transport consuminggrowing
Smart ICT tool (MycoKey App), integrating key information and practical solutions for mycotoxin management
Rapid, customized forecasting, descriptive information on contamination risk/levels, decision support and practical economically-sound suggestions for intervention.
Targeted tools and methodologies for cost-effective application in the field and during storage, processing and transportation.
Alternative and safe ways to use contaminated batches
Strong cooperation with CHINA
Recommendations for international legislation
Awareness and information streamings worldwide
5. Mycokey project
5. Mycokey project
MycoKey App, available in different languages, will facilitate mycotoxin risks management for stakeholders by providing timely, personalized advices to each field
plot with its respective cropping factors
FREE
€
TOX
GPS Bestpra
c
€
Mycokey tools- Mycokey App- Drones- Sensors- knowledge platform
Mycokey new approach and data for
BiocontrolDetoxificationAdsorbents
BiofuelUse of enxymes
farmersfarmers producersproducers dealers dealers exportexportlabs labs SMEs SMEs industries industries
researchers researchers associations consumers associations consumers
Involvement of international community for global collaboration
5. Mycokey project
EUROPE
CHINA AFRICA
•Research•Technologies – ICT•Knowledge•Regulation
• production • international trade • economic interest• research and knowledge
• “Open pilot field/lab” for problem solving&alternative management practices• climate changes affection• global contamination exposure
Information and cases to be studied
Methodologies and toolsRes
earc
h &Te
chno
logy t
rans
fer
Expor
t – tr
ade
Investments in developing areas export – risk contamination
Information and data
5. Mycokey project
Aflaminimizati
on
attention to EU-China-Africa interactions
to minimize mycotoxin exposure in countries with
different eating habits and to guarantee EU standards in
import products.
International team for proposing a worldwide harmonization of regulation and limits for
mycotoxins
input for a future
Global harmonization on Global harmonization on legislation and policieslegislation and policies
to be proposed to international organizations (EFSA, FDA, CODEX) and
shared with scientific communities (FAO, WHO, ISM, ASM, LAM, PACA, etc.)consumer associations, policy makers and legislators
5. Mycokey project
Mycokey Mycokey CartaCarta
Thanks for your Thanks for your attention!attention!
Antonio F. Logriecoe- mail: antonio.logrieco@ispa.cnr.it
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