Psychosocial Development of Infancy & Toddlerhood

PSYCHOSOCIAL

Development

of

Infancy and Toddler

Erik Erikson• Dropped out of high school and spent time traveling in Europe and studying art

• Became interested in how young people acquire a personal identity and how society helps shape it

• Because his theory integrates personal, emotional and social development, it is often called Psychosocial Theory

• Erikson is an ego-analyst – relationship between individual and the world or the self and the world

Erik EriksonPsychosocial Development

Erikson described the time that an individual experiences a psychological challenge as a crisis

Refers to the emotional and psychological changes across the life cycle that occurs in the context of the individual’s social environment.

The first two stages of eight apply at the periods f infancy and toddler .

Trust | Mistrust

Birth to 18 months

Can I trust the people around me?

“HOPE” Infant’s basic needs:

food , sustenance, and comfort

Infant’s view that world is trustworthy:expose to warmth, regularity and dependable affection

Feeding: Oral Stage

Trust | Mistrust

Birth to 18 months

Can I trust the people around me?

“HOPE”Trust Mistrust

Consistent sources of food

Comfort

Affection

Neglectful

Abusive

THE WORLD IS: THE WORLD IS:

Reliable Unpredictable

Dangerous

Autonomy | Shame & Doubt

18 mos. to 30 mos.

Can I do things by my own?

“WILL” Toddler asserts their own will: satisfying their own needs

- Feed themselves

- Wash and dress themselves

- Use bathroom

Toilet Training: Anal Stage

Autonomy | Shame & Doubt

18 mos. to 30 mos.

Can I do things by my own?

“WILL”Autonomy Shame & Doubt

Security

Patience

Encouragement

Restrictive Parenting

Refuse to let children perform tasks of which they are capable

Ability: Ability:

Able to handle many problems

Self-Rule

Sense of doubt and reluctance to attempt new challenges

The Development of Emotion

Early infancy (birth to six months)

Cognitive Development

Later infancy (7-12mos.)

Toddlerhood (1 yr. to 2 yr and 6mos.)

Separation Anxiety

Emotional Understanding

The Development of Emotion

Early infancy (birth to six months)

Cognitive Development:As a response to the social smile (adult smile and interaction) usually accompanied by other pleasure-indicative actions and sounds (cooing and mouthing).

Cognitive Development:Laughter promotes social development.

The Development of Emotion

Early infancy (birth to six months)

The Development of Emotion

Later infancy (7-12mos.)

Separation Anxiety:

Fear

Disgust

Anger

The Development of Emotion

Toddlerhood (1 yr. to 2 yr and 6mos.)

Emotional Understanding: Regulation Skills

Verbally Expressed:

ShameEmbarrassmentPrideUncomfortableLearning Empathy

The Formative Years

The importance of the first three years in human

development falls in this stage. A so-called

formative years parents and other caregivers play a

significant role in the development of infants and

toddlers.

Elements: that would affect their outcomes

Attachment:

Temperament:

Based on an interaction of genetics and interactions with the environment

Balance between temperament and environment determines outcomes

EMOTIONAL BOND: a tendency to seek and maintain closeness

Elements: that would affect their outcomes

Attachment:EMOTIONAL BOND: a tendency to seek and maintain closeness

Dr. John Bowly, the father of attachment theory , the beginning of attachment occur with a variety of built-in signals that baby uses to keep her/his caregiver engaged.

When baby cries, gazing eyes, smiles, and etc.Baby develops in her degree of attachment to her parents.

It smiles more freely at them than any strangers.

Elements: that would affect their outcomes

Attachment:

STRANGE SITUATION:

use to assess attachment patterns between infant and adult or the mother.It consists episodes and take less than an hour. It is designed to trigger the emergence attachment –related behaviors.

1. The mother twice leaves the baby in an unfamiliar room, the first time with a stranger.

2. The second time she leaves the baby alone, and the stranger comes back before the mother does.

3. The mother then encourages the baby to explore and play again and gives comfort if the baby seem to need it.

Elements: that would affect their outcomes

Attachment:

STRANGE SITUATION: 4 patterns of attachment:

Secure attachment

Avoidant attachment

Ambivalent (resistant) attachment

Disorganized-disoriented attachment

Elements: that would affect their outcomes

Secure attachmentPattern in which an infant cries or protest when the primary caregiver leaves and actively seeks out the on his/her return.

Avoidant attachmentPattern in which an infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact on his or her return.

Attachment:

4 patterns of attachment:

Elements: that would affect their outcomes

Ambivalent (resistant) attachment Pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during his or her absence, and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return.

Disorganized-disoriented attachmentPatterns in which an infant, after separation from the primary caregiver, shows contradictory repetitious , or misdirected behaviors on his or her return.

4 patterns of attachment:

Attachment:

Elements: that would affect their outcomes

Temperament:

Every baby expresses personality traits we call temperament.

Different temperament categories:Activity level

Mood

Threshold for distress

Rhythmicity

Intensity of Response

Approach-Withdrawal

Distractibility

Adaptability

Persistence

Elements: that would affect their outcomes

Temperament:Different temperament categories:

Activity level

Mood

Threshold for distress

Rhythmicity

Intensity of Response

Approach-Withdrawal

Distractibility

Adaptability

Persistence

Active Inactive

Elements: that would affect their outcomes

Temperament:Different temperament categories:

Activity level

Mood

Threshold for distress

Rhythmicity

Intensity of Response

Approach-Withdrawal

Distractibility

Adaptability

Persistence

Smiley and Cheerful More solemn & unhappy

Elements: that would affect their outcomes

Temperament:Different temperament categories:

Activity level

Mood

Threshold for distress

Rhythmicity

Intensity of Response

Approach-Withdrawal

Distractibility

Adaptability

Persistence

Sensitive Patient

Elements: that would affect their outcomes

Temperament:Different temperament categories:

Activity level

Mood

Threshold for distress

Rhythmicity

Intensity of Response

Approach-Withdrawal

Distractibility

Adaptability

Persistence

Predictable Unpredictable

Elements: that would affect their outcomes

Temperament:Different temperament categories:

Activity level

Mood

Threshold for distress

Rhythmicity

Intensity of Response

Approach-Withdrawal

Distractibility

Adaptability

Persistence

Restless Energetic

Elements: that would affect their outcomes

Temperament:Different temperament categories:

Activity level

Mood

Threshold for distress

Rhythmicity

Intensity of Response

Approach-Withdrawal

Distractibility

Adaptability

Persistence

Cautious Wild

Elements: that would affect their outcomes

Temperament:Different temperament categories:

Activity level

Mood

Threshold for distress

Rhythmicity

Intensity of Response

Approach-Withdrawal

Distractibility

Adaptability

Persistence

Concentrated Easily Distracted

Elements: that would affect their outcomes

Temperament:Different temperament categories:

Activity level

Mood

Threshold for distress

Rhythmicity

Intensity of Response

Approach-Withdrawal

Distractibility

Adaptability

Persistence

Adoptable Complexity

Elements: that would affect their outcomes

Temperament:Different temperament categories:

Activity level

Mood

Threshold for distress

Rhythmicity

Intensity of Response

Approach-Withdrawal

Distractibility

Adaptability

Persistence

Child Attention Span

Easy Child

Difficult Child

Slow-to warm-up-child

Established regular routines

Irregular in daily routines

Mild, low-key, negative in mood, adjust slowly to new experience