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Iron-deficient Indian children under the age of three who ate traditionally-prepared porridges and flat bread made from iron-rich pearl millet flour absorbed substantially more iron
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HarvestPlus c/o IFPRI2033 K Street, NW • Washington, DC 20006-1002 USATel: 202-862-5600 • Fax: 202-467-4439HarvestPlus@cgiar.org • www.HarvestPlus.org
Mainstreaming nutritional dimension in farming systems
Howarth Bouis August 9, 2014
Consequences Mineral & Vitamin Deficiencies
Vitamin A deficiency• Supplements reduced child mortality by 23%• 375,000 children go blind each year
2
Zinc deficiency• increased incidence/severity diarrhea/pneumonia; stunting• 2 billion people
Iron deficiency• Impaired cognitive abilities that cannot be reversed• 82% of children < 2 years in India are anemic
Global Micronutrient Deficiency
This map details worldwide severity of the most common micronutrient deficiencies—vitamin A, anemia, and zinc—using World Health Organization (WHO) children under 5 prevalence data. Severity was coded using a 3-point weighting system based on levels of public health significance cut-offs (low, moderate, and high).
A Primary Role of Agriculture is to Provide
Nutrients for Healthy Populations
4After
Supply of Nutrients
From Agriculture
Before
Nutrient Gap
SupplementationAnd FortificationSupplementation
And Fortification
0
50
100
150
200
250In
dia
Pak
ista
n
Ban
gla
des
h
Dev
elo
pin
g
Ind
ia
Pak
ista
n
Ban
gla
des
h
Dev
elo
pin
g
Wo
rld
Dev
elo
pin
g
Percent Changes in Cereal and Pulse Production
and in Population Between 1965 and 1999Cereals Pulses Population
Cereal Price Indices for India, Three Year Averages
70-73
73-76
76-79
79-82
82-85
85-88
88-91
91-94
94-97
97-00
00-03
03-06
06-09
09-10
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
Non-Staple Food Prices in India Have Risen by 50% Over 30 Years
7
50% Increase in All Food Prices
8
After
StaplesAnimal
Non-Food
Staples
Non-Food
Before Share of Total Expenditures
Supplementation Commercial Fortification
AgriculturalAppproaches
Dietary Diversity
Approaches to Improving Dietary Quality
Behavior
Food Type
“Indirect” Approaches WhichRely on Present Behaviors:•Profit Incentive•Desire for Dietary Diversity
“Direct” Approaches Which Seek to Change Behavior:Nutrition Education An Essential Component
Staple Foods(e.g. cereals, roots & tubers)
• Biofortification: Iron and Zinc• Trace Minerals in Fertilizers
• Biofortification: Provitamin A
Non-Staple Foods(e.g. Vegetables, Fruits, Pulses, Animal Products)
• Increased Income• Lower Prices
o Yield Increases through Agricultural Research
o Operation Flood India• Introducing Novel Crops
o Cowpea in India
• Nutrition-Sensitive Agricultural Projects:o Homestead Gardens
AND remembering the focus on smallholder farmers
Biofortification: breeding food crops that are more nutritious
One time investment
Photo: ICRISAT
75% of the poor 25%
Affordable and Sustainable for Farmers
Pearl MilletIron (Zinc)India
RiceZincBangladeshIndia
WheatZincIndiaPakistan(2015)
2012
2013
2013
Crops Released: Asia
Crops are high-yielding and with other traits farmers want
CassavaVitamin ANigeriaDR Congo
BeansIron (Zinc)RwandaDR Congo
MaizeVitamin ANigeriaZambia
Crops Released: Africa
Crops are high-yielding and with other traits farmers want
OSPVitamin AUganda
2007
2011
2012
2012
Biofortified crops released in 27 countries
18 in Africa, 4 in Asia, 5 in LAC
In-testing in 43 countries
26 in Africa, 8 in Asia, 9 in LAC
4 Vita-A , 5 Iron , 4 Zinc Crops
Sorghu
m
Banana Plantain Cowpea Potato
Lentil
Nutrition: Pearl Millet
Iron-deficient Indian children under the age of three who ate traditionally-prepared porridges and flat bread made from iron-rich pearl millet flour absorbed substantially more iron than from ordinary pearl millet flour, enough to meet their physiological requirements. Zinc was similarly absorbed in sufficient amounts meet the children’s full daily zinc needs.
The Journal of Nutrition. First published ahead of print August 7, 2013
Second Global Conference On Biofortification
“Biofortification and the Zero Hunger Challenge anchor the goal of achieving zero hunger by 2025.”– Dr. M.S. Swaminathan
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