Respiratory System Anatomy

RE

SP

IRA

TO

RY

SY

ST

EM

C

ON

DU

CT

ING

PO

RT

ION

R

ES

PIR

AT

OR

YP

OR

TIO

N

SK

EL

ET

AL

MU

SC

LE

S A

ND

BO

NE

S A

RE

RE

QU

IRE

D

FO

R

RE

SP

IRA

TO

RY

SY

ST

EM

FU

NC

TIO

N

ST

ER

NU

M

INT

ER

CO

ST

AL

MU

SC

LE

S

DIA

PH

RA

GM

RIB

S

GE

NE

RA

L O

RG

AN

IZA

TIO

NA

L P

AT

TE

RN

O

F C

ON

DU

CT

ING

PO

RT

ION

O

F R

ES

PIR

AT

OR

Y S

YS

TE

M

M

UC

OS

AL

um

inal sh

eet

ep

ith

eli

um

(typ

ically

“re

spirato

ry e

pith

eliu

m”)

Lam

ina p

rop

ria

(lo

ose F

EC

T)

S

UB

MU

CO

SA

(m

od

. d

en

se F

EC

T)

(not

alw

ays

pre

sen

t or

merg

ed

with

lam

ina p

ropri

a,

sero

us

or

mix

ed g

lan

ds

may

be p

rese

nt

in t

he la

min

a p

rop

ria

or

subm

uco

sa)

“M

US

CU

LA

RIS

”E

XT

ER

NA

(m

ay b

e s

mo

oth

mu

scle

, cart

ilag

e, o

r b

on

e)

A

DV

EN

TIT

IA o

r S

ER

OS

A (

ab

sen

t in

nasal

cavit

y)

CE

LL

TY

PE

S F

OU

ND

IN

“R

ES

PIR

AT

OR

Y E

PIT

HE

LIU

M”

PR

ED

OM

INA

NT

CE

LL

TY

PE

S

C

ilia

ted

co

lum

na

r cells

–m

ove

m

uc

us

G

ob

let

ce

lls

–s

ecre

te m

uc

us

B

asa

l cells

–re

pla

ce

da

ma

ge

d c

ells

LE

SS

CO

MM

ON

CE

LL

TY

PE

S

B

rus

h c

ells

–s

en

so

ry r

ec

ep

tor

ce

lls

D

en

se

co

re g

ran

ule

ce

lls

(S

ma

ll g

ran

ule

ce

lls)

–en

tero

en

do

cri

ne

ce

lls

C

lara

ce

lls

(tr

ac

hea

an

d b

ron

ch

i) –

pro

tein

se

cre

tin

g c

ells

, s

ec

rete

su

rfac

tan

t

PR

ED

OM

INA

NT

CE

LL

TY

PE

S

FO

UN

D I

N

“RE

SP

IRA

TO

RY

EP

ITH

EL

IUM

”

Sourc

e: L

entz

. 1

971. C

ell

Fin

e S

truct

ure

.

Cil

iate

d c

olu

mn

ar

cell

Go

ble

t cell (

Mu

co

us c

ell

)

Basal

cell

“RE

SP

IRA

TO

RY

EP

ITH

EL

IUM

”

Sourc

e: W

eis

s. 1983. H

isto

logy.

C

ell

and T

issu

e B

iolo

gy.

5th

Editi

on.

Cil

iate

d c

ell

s

Go

ble

t cell/

Mu

co

us c

ell

Basal

cell

Bru

sh

cell

s

Sm

all

gra

nu

le

cell

(su

rfac

tan

t)

“RE

SP

IRA

TO

RY

”E

PIT

HE

LIU

M

Cil

ia

Base

men

t m

em

bra

ne

Go

ble

t cell

s

Cil

iate

d c

ell

s

Sm

all

g

ran

ule

cell

Basal

cell

EP

ITH

EL

IA O

F R

EG

ION

S W

ITH

IN

NA

SA

L C

AV

ITIE

S

V

ES

TIB

UL

E o

rN

OS

TR

IL

Str

ati

fied

sq

ua

mo

us

sh

eet

ep

ith

eliu

m

R

ES

PIR

AT

OR

Y

SE

GM

EN

T”R

es

pir

ato

rye

pit

he

liu

m”

O

LF

AC

TO

RY

S

EG

ME

NT

O

lfa

cto

rye

pit

he

liu

m

RE

SP

IRA

TO

RY

S

EG

ME

NT

OL

FA

CT

OR

Y

SE

GM

EN

T

NO

ST

RIL

NA

SA

L C

AV

ITIE

S/

NA

SA

L P

AS

SA

GE

WA

YS

Sou

rce

: P

late

88

, F

igure

1 in

Ro

ss e

t a

l.

1995

. H

isto

logy.

A

Te

xt a

nd

Atla

s. 3

rdE

diti

on

.

OE

p=

olf

ac

tory

e

pit

he

liu

m

OM

= o

lfact

ory

m

uco

sa

Re

p =

“re

spir

ato

ry

ep

ithe

lium

”

EB

= b

on

e

CE

LL

TY

PE

S F

OU

ND

IN

O

LF

AC

TO

RY

EP

ITH

EL

IUM

S

uste

nta

cu

lar

or

su

pp

ort

ing

cells

O

lfacto

ry c

ell

s

B

as

al

cell

s

B

rush

cell

s

Mu

co

sa

of

the

Olf

ac

tory

Se

gm

en

to

f th

e N

as

al

Ca

vit

y

Mu

co

sa

of

the

Olf

ac

tory

Se

gm

en

t o

f th

e N

as

al

Ca

vit

y

Sou

rce

: P

late

88

, F

igure

2 in

Ro

ss e

t a

l.

1995

. H

isto

logy.

A

Te

xt a

nd

Atla

s. 3

rdE

diti

on

.

SC

= s

up

po

rtiv

e

ce

lls

OC

= o

lfa

cto

ry

ne

uro

n c

ell

bo

die

s

BC

= b

as

al

ce

lls

BG

= o

lfa

cto

ry

gla

nd

s (

se

rou

s)

N =

pe

rip

he

ral

ne

rve

s

V =

blo

od

ve

ss

els

C =

ca

pil

lari

es

NA

SA

L C

AV

ITIE

S/N

AS

AL

PA

SS

AG

EW

AY

S

are

se

pa

rate

d f

rom

ora

l c

av

ity b

y P

AL

AT

E

RE

SP

IRA

TO

RY

S

EG

ME

NT

OL

FA

CT

OR

Y

SE

GM

EN

T

NO

ST

RIL

Mo

difi

ed

fro

m:

Fig

ure

18

.1 in

Ro

ss e

t a

l. 1

995

. H

isto

logy.

A

Te

xt a

nd

Atla

s.

3rd

Ed

itio

n.

HA

RD

PA

LA

TE

SO

FT

PA

LA

TE

SO

FT

PA

LA

TE

Sou

rce

: H

am

me

rse

n. 1

980

. H

isto

logy.

“Resp

irato

ry

ep

ith

eli

um

”o

f N

asal

Mu

co

sa

OR

AL

C

AV

ITY

s

ide

NA

SA

L

CA

VIT

Y

sid

e

PH

AR

YN

X

”Re

sp

irato

rye

pit

he

liu

m”

Str

ati

fie

d s

qu

am

ou

ss

he

et

ep

ith

eliu

m

Mo

difi

ed

fro

m:

Fig

ure

18

.1 in

Ro

ss e

t a

l. 2

003

. H

isto

logy.

A

Te

xt a

nd

Atla

s.

4th

Ed

itio

n.

RE

SP

IRA

TO

RY

SY

ST

EM

N

AS

AL

CA

VIT

IES

/ N

AS

AL

PA

SS

AG

EW

AY

S

P

HA

RY

NX

-n

aso

ph

ary

nx,

oro

ph

ary

nx

L

AR

YN

X

T

RA

CH

EA

E

XT

RA

PU

LM

ON

AR

YB

RO

NC

HI

L

UN

GS

LA

RY

NX

an

d T

RA

CH

EA

Sou

rce

: L

ee

son

& L

eeso

n.

198

1.

His

tolo

gy.

4

th E

diti

on

.

Fo

od

ca

rtil

ag

e

ca

rtil

ag

e

ca

rtil

ag

e

bo

ne

Su

rface

Vie

wM

id-l

on

gitu

din

al S

ect

ion

EP

IGL

OT

TIS

of

LA

RY

NX

Sou

rce

: H

am

me

rse

n. 1

980

. H

isto

logy.

A

Co

lor

Atla

s of

Cyt

olo

gy,

His

tolo

gy

and

Mic

rosc

op

ic A

na

tom

y. 2

nd

E

diti

on

.

Str

ati

fied

sq

uam

ou

sep

ith

eli

um

Ela

sti

c C

art

ila

ge

Str

ati

fied

sq

uam

ou

so

r p

seu

do

str

ati

fied

co

lum

nar

ep

ith

eli

um

LA

RY

NX

Sou

rce

: H

am

me

rse

n. 1

980

. H

isto

logy.

A

Co

lor

Atla

s of

Cyt

olo

gy,

His

tolo

gy

and

Mic

rosc

op

ic A

na

tom

y. 2

nd

E

diti

on

.

Ven

tric

ula

r fo

ld/

fals

e v

ocal

co

rd

Vo

cal

fold

/ tr

ue v

oc

al

co

rd

Ep

iglo

ttis

Str

ati

fied

sq

uam

ou

ssh

eet

ep

ith

eliu

m

Pseu

do

str

ati

fied

cil

iate

d

co

lum

nar

sh

eet

ep

ith

eli

um

LA

RY

NX

Sou

rce

: H

am

me

rse

n. 1

980

. H

isto

logy.

A

Co

lor

Atla

s of

Cyt

olo

gy,

His

tolo

gy

and

Mic

rosc

op

ic A

na

tom

y. 2

nd

E

diti

on

.

Intr

insic

gla

nd

s i

n

Lam

ina p

rop

ria

of

Mu

co

sa

Vo

cali

sm

uscle

Ep

iglo

ttis

Vo

cal

lig

am

en

t

Cart

ilag

ino

us p

late

in

“M

uscu

lari

s”

Exte

rna

Str

iate

d s

kele

tal

mu

scle

tis

su

e i

n

“Mu

scu

lari

s”

Exte

rna

Cart

ilag

ino

us p

late

in

“M

uscu

lari

s”

Exte

rna

RE

SP

IRA

TO

RY

SY

ST

EM

N

AS

AL

CA

VIT

IES

/ N

AS

AL

PA

SS

AG

EW

AY

S

P

HA

RY

NX

-n

aso

ph

ary

nx,

oro

ph

ary

nx

L

AR

YN

X

T

RA

CH

EA

E

XT

RA

PU

LM

ON

AR

YB

RO

NC

HI

L

UN

GS

Tra

ch

ea

M

uco

sa

“Resp

irato

ry”

ep

ith

eli

um

(+

/-C

lara

cells)

Lam

ina p

rop

ria

of

loo

se F

EC

T

S

ub

mu

co

sa

Lo

ose t

o m

od

era

tely

den

se

FE

CT

,d

en

ser

than

lam

ina p

rop

ria,

ma

y c

on

tain

co

mp

ou

nd

tu

bu

loacin

ar

gla

nd

s

“M

uscu

lari

s”e

xte

rna

Hyali

ne c

art

ilag

es

(h

ors

esh

oe-s

hap

ed

“ri

ng

s”)

Sm

oo

th m

uscle

acro

ss o

pen

en

ds o

f cart

ilag

es

Mo

dera

tely

den

se

FE

CT

co

nn

ects

ad

jacen

t ri

ng

s

A

dven

titi

aL

oo

se F

EC

T

TR

AC

HE

A

Sou

rce

: L

ee

son

& L

eeso

n.

198

1.

His

tolo

gy.

4

th E

diti

on

.

Ad

ven

titi

a“M

uscu

lari

s”

Exte

rna

(tra

ch

ea

lis

mu

sc

le)

Mu

co

sa

lum

ina

l e

pit

he

liu

m

in s

ub

mu

co

sa

TR

AC

HE

A

TR

AC

HE

A

Cil

ia

Base

men

t m

em

bra

ne

Go

ble

t cell

s

Cil

iate

d c

ell

s

Sm

all

g

ran

ule

cell

Basal

cell

LU

MIN

AL

EP

ITH

EL

IUM

OF

TR

AC

HE

A(“

Re

sp

ira

tory

”E

pit

he

liu

m)

RE

SP

IRA

TO

RY

SY

ST

EM

N

AS

AL

CA

VIT

IES

/ N

AS

AL

PA

SS

AG

EW

AY

S

P

HA

RY

NX

-n

aso

ph

ary

nx,

oro

ph

ary

nx

L

AR

YN

X

T

RA

CH

EA

E

XT

RA

PU

LM

ON

AR

YB

RO

NC

HI

L

UN

GS

Bro

nch

us (

very

sim

ilar

to T

rach

ea)

M

uco

sa

“Resp

irato

ry”

ep

ith

eli

um

(+

/-C

lara

cells)

Lam

ina p

rop

ria

of

loo

se F

EC

T

S

ub

mu

co

sa

Lo

ose t

o m

od

era

tely

den

se

FE

CT

,d

en

ser

than

lam

ina p

rop

ria,

ma

y c

on

tain

co

mp

ou

nd

tu

bu

loacin

ar

gla

nd

s

“M

uscu

lari

s”e

xte

rna

Hyali

ne c

art

ilag

es

(h

ors

esh

oe-s

hap

ed

“ri

ng

s”)

Sm

oo

th m

uscle

acro

ss o

pen

en

ds o

f cart

ilag

es

Mo

dera

tely

den

se

FE

CT

co

nn

ects

ad

jacen

t ri

ng

s

A

dven

titi

aL

oo

se F

EC

T

RE

SP

IRA

TO

RY

SY

ST

EM

Sou

rce

: L

ee

son

& L

eeso

n.

198

1.

His

tolo

gy.

4

th E

diti

on

.

PU

LM

ON

AR

Y L

OB

UL

E

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

ION

OF

LU

NG

Sou

rce

: L

ee

son

& L

eeso

n.

198

1.

His

tolo

gy.

4

th E

diti

on

.

3-9

= in

trap

ulm

on

ary

bro

nch

i

10 =

larg

e b

ron

ch

iole

tb=

term

inal

bro

nch

iole

rb=

resp

irato

ry b

ron

ch

iole

ad

= a

lveo

lar

du

ct

as =

alv

eo

lar

sac

a =

alv

eo

lus

l =

lo

bu

le

PU

LM

ON

AR

Y L

OB

UL

E

HIS

TO

LO

GIC

AL

FE

AT

UR

ES

O

F P

UL

MO

NA

RY

CO

MP

ON

EN

TS

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

ION

O

F L

UN

G

Sou

rce

: G

art

ne

r &

Hia

tt.

1994

.

Co

lor

Atla

s of

His

tolo

gy.

2

nd

Ed

ition

.

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

ION

OF

LU

NG

Sou

rce

: F

ree

man

& B

race

gird

le.

1976

. A

n A

dva

nce

d A

tlas

of

His

tolo

gy.

alv

eoli

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

ION

OF

LU

NG

Sou

rce

: L

ee

son

& L

eeso

n.

198

1.

His

tolo

gy.

4

th E

diti

on

.

3-9

= in

trap

ulm

on

ary

bro

nch

i

PU

LM

ON

AR

Y L

OB

UL

E

Intr

ap

ulm

on

ary

Bro

nch

i

Mu

co

sa

“Resp

irato

ry”

ep

ith

eli

um

(+

/-C

lara

cells)

Lam

ina p

rop

ria

of

loo

se F

EC

T

“M

uscu

lari

s”

Sp

iral b

un

dle

s o

f sm

oo

th m

uscle

S

ub

mu

co

sa

Lo

ose t

o o

ccasio

nall

y m

od

era

tely

de

nse F

EC

T,

ma

y c

on

tain

co

mp

ou

nd

tu

bu

loacin

ar

gla

nd

s

“M

uscu

lari

s”e

xte

rna

Hyali

ne c

art

ilag

es (

ho

rsesh

oe-s

hap

ed

“ri

ng

s”)

Sm

oo

th m

uscle

ac

ross o

pen

en

ds o

f cart

ilag

es

Mo

dera

tely

den

se F

EC

T c

on

nects

ad

jacen

t ri

ng

s

A

dven

titi

aL

oo

se F

EC

T

INT

RA

PU

LM

ON

AR

Y B

RO

NC

HU

S

Sou

rce

: J

un

gue

ira

et a

l. 1

975

. B

asi

c H

isto

logy.

4

th E

diti

on

.

Mu

co

sa In

trin

sic

gla

nd

s i

n

Lam

ina P

rop

ria

FE

CT

Cart

ilag

ino

us p

late

in

“M

uscu

lari

s”

Exte

rna

Bro

nch

iole

b

ran

ch

ing

off

o

f b

ron

ch

us

Hya

lin

e C

art

ila

ge

Sm

oo

th M

usc

le

Lo

os

e F

EC

T Ps

eu

do

str

ati

fie

dC

olu

mn

ar

Ep

ith

eliu

m

An Intr

apulm

onary

Bro

nch

us

BR

ON

CH

IOL

ES

Sou

rce

: L

ee

son

& L

eeso

n.

198

1.

His

tolo

gy.

4

th E

diti

on

.

PU

LM

ON

AR

Y L

OB

UL

E

M

UC

OS

AL

um

inal sh

eet

ep

ith

eli

um

(r

an

ges f

rom

pseu

do

str

ati

fied

cilia

ted

co

lum

nar

in larg

eb

ron

ch

iole

s t

o s

imp

lecu

bo

idalw

ith

mix

ed

cilia

ted

an

d C

lara

cell

s in

term

inal

bro

nch

iole

s)

Lam

ina p

rop

ria

= lo

ose F

EC

T

“M

US

CU

LA

RIS

”=

bu

nd

les o

f sm

oo

th m

uscle

<1 m

m in

dia

mete

r

No

cart

ilag

e i

n w

all

TY

PE

S O

F B

RO

NC

HIO

LE

S

Sou

rce

: L

ee

son

& L

eeso

n.

198

1.

His

tolo

gy.

4

th E

diti

on

.

10

= l

arg

e b

ron

ch

iole

tb=

te

rmin

al

bro

nc

hio

lerb

= r

es

pir

ato

ry b

ron

ch

iole

L

AR

GE

BR

ON

CH

IOL

ES

Ps

eu

do

str

ati

fie

dc

ilia

ted

co

lum

nar

sh

eet

ep

ith

eliu

m t

o s

imp

le c

olu

mn

ar

sh

eet

ep

ith

eliu

m

T

ER

MIN

AL

BR

ON

CH

IOL

ES

Ma

inly

sim

ple

cu

bo

ida

ls

he

et

ep

ith

eliu

m

R

ES

PIR

AT

OR

Y B

RO

NC

HIO

LE

SS

imp

le c

ub

oid

als

he

et

ep

ith

eliu

m(m

ain

ly C

lara

ce

lls)

CE

LL

TY

PE

S F

OU

ND

IN

L

UM

INA

L E

PIT

HE

LIU

M O

F B

RO

NC

HIO

LE

S

C

ilia

ted

cell

s

B

asal

cell

s

G

ob

let

cell

s

B

rush

cell

s

S

mall g

ran

ule

cells

C

lara

cell

s

Sou

rce

: R

oss

et

al.

199

5.

His

tolo

gy.

A

Te

xt a

nd

Atla

s. 3

rdE

diti

on.

Cla

ra c

ell

Cil

iate

d c

ell

Cil

iate

d c

ell

BR

ON

CH

IOL

E

Sou

rce

: B

urk

itte

t a

l. 1

993

. W

hea

ter’s

Fun

ctio

nal H

isto

logy.

A

Te

xt a

nd

Co

lou

rA

tlas.

Alv

eoli

are

where

th

e a

ctio

n is

(at

least

in t

erm

s of

ga

s exc

ha

ng

e)

OR

GA

NIZ

AT

ION

OF

LU

NG

Sou

rce

: F

ree

man

& B

race

gird

le.

1976

. A

n A

dva

nce

d A

tlas

of

His

tolo

gy.

alv

eoli

AL

VE

OL

I o

r A

IR S

PA

CE

S

AS

= a

lve

ola

r s

ac

A =

alv

eo

lus

AL

VE

OL

I (A

IR S

PA

CE

S)

Sou

rce

: L

ee

son

& L

eeso

n.

198

1.

His

tolo

gy.

4

th E

diti

on

.

ad

= a

lve

ola

r d

uc

ta

s =

alv

eo

lar

sa

ca

= a

lve

olu

s

Occu

r in

th

e w

all

s o

f

R

esp

irato

ry b

ron

ch

iole

s

A

lveo

lar

du

cts

A

lveo

lar

sacs

CO

NS

IST

OF

:

A

lveo

lar

Ep

ith

eliu

m

T

hin

reg

ion

of

hig

hly

vascu

lari

zed

FE

CT

CE

LL

TY

PE

S F

OU

ND

IN

A

LV

EO

LA

R E

PIT

HE

LIU

M

T

yp

e I

Pn

eu

mo

cyte

s[g

as

ex

ch

an

ge

]

T

yp

e I

I P

ne

um

oc

yte

s[s

ec

rete

s

urf

ac

tan

t (m

ix o

f p

rote

ins

an

d l

ipid

s)]

B

rus

h C

ell

s [

se

ns

ory

re

ce

pto

rs]

P

ulm

on

ary

Ma

cro

ph

ag

es

[p

ha

go

cyto

sis

]

CE

LL

TY

PE

S F

OU

ND

IN

A

LV

EO

LA

R E

PIT

HE

LIU

M(a

s o

bs

erv

ed

at

TE

M le

ve

l)

Sou

rce

: L

en

tz.

1971

. C

ell

Fin

e S

tru

ctu

re.

Typ

e I P

ne

um

oc

yte

(an

d a

dja

cen

t cap

illa

ry)

Typ

e II P

ne

um

oc

yte

Alv

eo

lar

Wall S

tru

ctu

re –

Typ

e I C

ells

Alv

eoli

Lung I

nje

cted to S

how

Capill

aries

Ca

pill

ari

es

(re

d s

tru

ctu

res)

AL

VE

OL

I A

RE

SIT

ES

O

F G

AS

EX

CH

AN

GE

AIR

RB

C

BL

OO

DB

LO

OD

Alv

eo

lar

Wall

Str

uctu

re –

Typ

e II o

r G

reat

Alv

eo

lar

Cells

CE

LL

TY

PE

SF

OU

ND

IN

AL

VE

OL

I(a

s o

bs

erv

ed

at

the L

M le

ve

l)

In a

dditi

on t

o T

ype I a

nd T

ype

II a

lveo

lar

cells

(p

neum

ocy

tes)

, m

acr

opha

ges

are

fre

quently

obse

rved

mig

ratin

g a

long t

he a

lveo

lar

surf

ace

. M

acr

oph

ag

es

are

fr

equently

deta

che

d f

rom

the

surf

ace

durin

g p

roce

ssin

g.

Crite

ria for

Cla

ssify

ing Intr

apulm

onary

Str

uct

ure

s

Str

uct

ure

Lin

ing

Ep

itheliu

mO

ther

Featu

res

Bro

nch

ip

seu

dost

ratif

ied

hya

line

cart

ilag

e in

wa

llco

lum

nar

usu

ally

+ s

moo

th m

usc

le

Bro

nch

iole

sp

seu

dost

ratif

ied

no

hya

line

cart

ilag

e in

wa

llco

lum

nar

tosm

oo

th m

usc

le p

rese

nt

sim

ple

cu

bo

ida

l,n

o s

qu

am

ous

Resp

ira

tory

>50

% c

ubo

ida

lor

little

or

no

sm

oo

th m

usc

le,

Bro

nch

iole

sco

lum

nar,

<50

%u

sua

lly s

om

e lo

ose

FE

CT

squa

mou

s(b

ut

squa

mou

spre

sen

t)

Alv

eo

lar

Du

cts

<50

% c

ubo

ida

l,n

o s

mo

oth

mu

scle

, lo

ose

Alv

eo

lar

Sa

cs>

50

% s

qua

mo

us

FE

CT

sp

ars

e o

r a

bse

nt

AL

VE

OL

I &

BR

ON

CH

IOL

ES

TB

= t

erm

inal b

ron

ch

iole

RB

= r

es

pir

ato

ry b

ron

ch

iole

AD

= a

lve

ola

r d

uct

AS

= a

lve

ola

r s

ac