View
533
Download
8
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
CLINICAL EXAMINATION IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
Prof . S. P. Chowdhury
Rajat Kar & Tanmoy Mandal
General Survey
• Facies
• Build & Stature
• Nutrition
• Decubitus
• Neck vein
• Neck glands
• Anemia
• Cyanosis
• Clubbing
• Jaundice
• Edema
• Pulse
• Respiration
• Temperature
• BP
• Generalized skin & nail
• Extremities
Facies
• Hair
• Eye
• Ear
• Mid facial structure
• Lip
• Dental alliance
• Palate
• Tongue
Hair Changes
• Gonadal hyper-androgenism• PCOD• Ovarian neoplasm• Ovarian steroidogenic block
• Adrenal hyper-androgenism– Premature adrenarche– Congenital adrenal hyperplasia– Functional adrenal hyperandrogenism– Abnormal cortisol metabolism– Adrenal neoplasm
• Other endocrine disorder– Cushing’s syndrome– Hyperprolactinemia – Acromegaly
• Drug – Androgens– OCPs– Minoxidil– Phenytoin– Diaxoide– Cyclosporine
• Peripheral androgen overproduction– Obesity– Idiopathic
Hirsutism Androgen dependent excessive male pattern hair growth(measured by Ferriman & Gallwey score. Total 36, score ≥ 8 hirsutism.
VirilizationA condition in which androgen levels are sufficiently high to cause additional sign & symptoms possibly due to ovarian or adrenal neoplasm
Hirsutism
Hair Changes
Alopecia
Eye Changes
• Eye brow– Madarosis
(Hypothyroidism)
• Hypertelorism – Noonan syndrome– Turner syndrome– LEOPARD syndrome– Hurler syndrome– William syndrome– Klippel-Feil syndrome
• Exophthalmos– Thyrotoxic exophthalmos– Hypothyroidism– Cushing’s syndrome– Pheochromocytoma
• Sclera – Blue sclera
• Cornea – Congenital cloudy cornea– Arcus senilis
• Pupil – Pupilary abnormality
Eye Changes
Hypertelorism Exophthalmos
N.O.S.P.E.C.S.
• 0 = No sign & no symptoms
• 1 = Only sign
• 2 = Soft tissue involvement
• 3 = Proptosis
• 4 = Extra-ocular muscle invovement
• 5 = Corneal ulceration
• 6 = Sight loss
Measured by Hurtle’s exophthalmometer
Ear Changes
• Ear lobe crease– Hyperlipidemia
• Low set ears– Noonan syndrome
– Turner syndrome
– Klippel-Feil syndrome
– Down’s syndrome
– Cornelia de Lange’s syndrome
– Rubinstein’s-Taybi syndrome
Ear Changes
Mid Facial Structure
• Broad flat nose– Down syndrome
– William syndrome
– Cornelia de Lange’s syndrome
– Hurler syndrome
• Broad nose– Acromegaly
• Thin beaked nose– Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome
Mid Facial Structure
William syndrome Hurler syndrome
Lip Changes
• Thick lips
– Hurler syndrome
– Acromegaly
– Myxedema
– Cretinism
• Absent philtrum
• Rhagades
Dental Alliance
• Delayed dentition– Cretinism– Rickets
• Peg shaped teeth– Hurler syndrome– William’s syndrome– Hutchinson’s teeth
• Widely spaced teeth– Acromegaly– Morquio’s syndrome– William’s syndrome
Tongue Changes
• Macroglossia
– Acromegaly
– Myxedema
– Cretinism
– Down’s syndrome
– Hurler syndrome
– Amyloidosis
Facies With Syndrome
• Hypertelorism, epicanthic folds, broad flat nose, low set ears, & short neck
• Moon face• Ape like face• Mongoloid face• Grotesque face• Elfin face• Dull expression face• Frightened & staring
• Turner & Noonan syndrome
• Cushing’s syndrome• Acromegaly• Down’s syndrome• Hurler’s syndrome• William’s syndrome• Myxedema• Thyrotoxicosis
Build & Stature
• Indices of build & stature– Height(Herpenden’s stadiometer), lower & upper
segment
– Arm span
– Body mass index
– Waist circumference
Causes Of Tall Stature
• Constitutional
• Pituitary giant
With equal upper & lower
segment
• Marfan syndrome
• Homocystinuria
• Klinefelter’s syndrome
With upper & lower
segment ratio ≤0.8
Tall Stature
Causes Of Short Stature
• Normal variant– Constitutional growth delay– Familial short stature
• Endocrinological– GH deficiency– GH insensitivity– Hypothyroidism– Cushing’s syndrome– Diabetes mellitus
• Nutritional deprivation
– Marasmus– Kwashiorkor– Anorexia nervosa
• Psychosocial • Intra uterine growth retardation
• Systemic disease– Malabsorption– Cyanotic heart disease– Renal disorder– Hematologic disorder– Inborn error of metabolism– Chronic infection
• Genetic syndrome– Turner syndrome– Noonan syndrome– Down’s syndrome– Prader-Willi syndrome
• Osteo-chondro-dysplasias– Achondroplasia– Hypochondroplasia
• Miscellaneous– Neurofibromatosis– Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Causes of obesity
• Familial
• Genetic– Leptin defect
– Leptin receptor defect
– Pro-opiomelanocortin defect
– Receptor defect for MSH
• Endocrinological– Cushing’s syndrome
– Hypothyroidism
– Insulinoma
• Obesity syndrome– Metabolic syndrome
– Prader-Willi syndrome
– Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome
– Ahlstrom’s syndrome
– Cohen’s syndrome
– Carpenter’s syndrome
Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome
Neck Examination
• Thyromegaly
• Short neck(Ratio of height to the distance between
external occipital protuberance & C7 spinous process ≥ 13.6)
– Klippel-Feil syndrome
– Morquio’s syndrome
• Webbed neck– Noonan syndrome
– Turner syndrome
– Edward syndrome(trisomy 18)
• Low hair line– Noonan syndrome
– Turner syndrome
– Klippel-Feil syndrome
– Cornelia de Lange’s syndrome
(Posterior hair line extends below the level of C5 spinous process or ratio of distance from external occipital protuberance from the hair line & the distance from the hair line to C7 spinous process is >1/6 in male & >1/4 in female)
Neck
Short neck Webbed neck
Hormonal Hypertension
• Low renin hypertension– 11β hydroxylase deficiency– 17 α hydroxylase deficiency– Primary aldosteronism– Glucocorticoid remediable
hypertension– Apparent mineralocorticoid
excess
• High renin hypertension– Renovascular abnormality– JG cell tumor– Bilateral endocrine
dysfunction of kidney
• Endocrinological– Hyperthyroidism– Hypothyroidism(diastolic)– Pheochromocytoma– Cushing’s syndrome– Acromegaly– Hyperparathyroidism
• Drugs– Corticosteroid– OCPs
• Syndromes– Little syndrome– William’s syndrome– Turner syndrome– Adrenogenital syndrome
Generalized Skin & Nail
• Diabetes
– Infections
– Acanthosis nigricans
– Necrobiosis lipoidica
– Granuloma annulare
– Other dermatoses
• Xanthomas
• Neuropathic foot ulcers
• sclerodactyly
Cutaneous Manifestation Of Diabetes
• Infections
– Candidal
• Candidal intertrigo, paronychia, vulvovaginitis, balanoposthitis
– Pyoderms
• Staphylococcal (recurrent furuncles & curbuncles)
• Dermopathy
– Most common
– Small, dull red papules with a superficial scales; slowly resolve to leave small, brown, depressed scars
• Acanthosis nigricans– Velvety hyperpigmented
plaques with a feathered edge
• Necrobiosis lipoidica– Single or multiple,
asymptomatic, indurated annular, yellowish brown plaques. Center is atrophic with ectatic blood vessels visible through the thinned skin
• Granuloma annulare– Erythematous dermal papules
arranged in an annular pattern seen on pressure points
Cutaneous Manifestation Of Diabetes
Necrobiosis lipoidica Acanthosis nigricans
Cutaneous Manifestations Of Thyroid Disorders
Hyperthyroidism
• Worm , moist, smooth skin, best made out on palms & soles. Palmo-plantar hyperhydrosis
• Persistent flush of face & palm
• May be associated with hyperpigmentation of face or with vitiligo
• Pre-tibial myxedema– Asymmetric firm plaques with
a “Peau d’ orange” appearance
Hypothyroidism
• Ichthyotic skin– Resembles ichthyosis vulgaris
• Dry, cold, pale skin
• Podgy non-pitting generalized edema (myxedema)
• Dry, coarse, brittle hair. Follicular keratoses. Alopecia of scalp. Supra-ciliary madarosis of lateral third of eye brow
Cutaneous Manifestations Of Thyroid Disorders
Pre-tibial myxedema
Cutaneous Manifestations Of Pituitary Disorder
Acromegaly
• Corrugated appearance of forehead & scalp(cutis verticis gyrata)
• Seborrhoea
• Hyperhydrosis
Hypopituitarism
• Thin, pale, cold skin
Cutaneous Manifestations Of Adrenal Disorders
Cushing’s Syndrome
• Striae distensae– Linear, erythematous, atrophic
lesions, most frequently over abdomen
• Skin atrophy– Fragility– Bruising– Poor healing
• Hirsutism • Acneiform eruption• Adenoma sebceum• Alopecia• Candidal infection
Adrenal Insufficiency
• Pigmentation of skin– Mainly seen in primary
adrenal insufficiency
– Exaggeration of normal pigmentation, seen on photo-exposed area & at site of trauma, pressure points, friction points
– Mucosal pigmentation
– Pigmentation of nail
– Sometime chloasma like pigmentation
Cutaneous Manifestations Of Adrenal Disorders
Cushing’s Syndrome Muco-cutaneous pigmentation
Cutaneous Manifestations Of Metabolic Diseases(Porphyrias)
Erythropoietic porphyria• Congenital erythropoietic
porphyria– Severe photosensitivity soon
after birth, sun induced blister– Lesion heal with scar &
mutilating, hypertrichosis conspicuous on face
– Brown teeth, fluorescence in Wood’s lamp
– Passing of red colored urine
• Erythropoietic protoporphyria– Burning, edema, urticaria on
sun exposure– Thickening of skin & superficial
scarring– Urine color normal
Hepatic porphyria• Porphyria cutanea tarda
– Blisters on photo exposed parts
– Over time, skin becomes thickened(sclerodermoid) & scarred
– Hypertrichosis– Urine is pink & bright coral
pink on Wood’s lamp
• Variegate porphyria– Like previous– Precipitated by drugs– Abdominal pain, neuro-
psychiatric symptom– Red colored urine during
attack of abdominal pain
Cutaneous Manifestations Of Metabolic Diseases(Xanthoma)
Type Morphology Sites Associated hyperlipidemia
Xanthelesmapalpebrarum
Soft, yellow, flat, ovoid plaques
Eyelids Type 2,3Secondary
Tuberous xanthoma
Firm, yellow nodule Elbows, knees, back
Type 2,3Secondary
Tendinousxanthoma
Subcutaneous swelling along tendons
Fingers & Achillestendon
Type 2,3Secondary
Eruptive xanthoma Shower of small, multiple, yellow papules
Buttocks & shoulders
Type 1, 2, 4Secondary
Plane xanthomas Yellow macules Palmer creases Type 3 Secondary
Cutaneous Manifestations Of Metabolic Diseases(Xanthoma)
Tuberous xanthoma Eruptive xanthoma
Extremities (Digits)
• Arachnodactyly– Unduly long & thin fingers &
toes with positive wrist & thumb signs(Marfansyndrome, sickle cell anaemia)
• Polydactyly– Presence of extra fingers or
toes (Laurence-Moon-Biedlsyndrome)
• Syndactyly– Webbed finger, fusion
between the adjacent fingers or toes may be dermal or osseous(Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome)
• Clindactyly– Incurved fingers, mainly seen
in little finger with increased space between 4th & 5th
finger(Down’s syndrome)
• Fingerized thumb– Triphalangeal thumb(Holt-
Oram syndrome)
• Brachydactyly– Equal length, all fingers sre
shortened(Down, Turner, Hyperparathyroidism)
• Clenched hand– Index finger overlapping over
3rd & 5th finger overlapping over 4th (Edward syndrome)
Extremities(Nail)
• Acropachy( Grave’s dermopathy + clubbing)
• Plummer nails
• Square/broad nails
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Hyperthyroidism
• Acromegaly
Extremities(Feet)
• Pes cavus(claw foot)
– Exaggeration of the longitudinal arch of the foot resulting in a marked upward convexity of the instep & drawing up of toes
• Rocker bottom foot
– Due to protruding heel
– Edward syndrome
• Genu varum
– Outward bowing of legs with knees wide apert
– Achondroplasia, Osteogenesisimperfecta
• Genu valgum
– Inward bowing of legs
– Laurence-Moon-Biedl
– Rickets
Rocker bottom foot(X-ray)
Extremities(Diabetic Feet)
• Absence of protective sensation due to peripheral neuropathy
• Arterial insufficiency• Foot deformity & callus formation• Autonomic neuropathy causing dry, fissured skin• Limited joint mobility• Obesity• Impaired vision• Poor glycemic control leading to poor wound healing• Poor footwear use• Past history of foot ulcers
Etiology
Extremities(Diabetic Feet)
Depth-Ischemia Classification
Depth classification
Definition
0 At risk footNo ulceration
1 Superficial ulceration, not infected
2 Deep ulceration Exposing tendons or joint
3 Extensive ulceration or abscess
Ischaemiaclassification
Definition
A No ischaemia
B Ischaemia without gangrene
C Partial (fore foot) gangrene
D Complete foot gangrene
Extremities(Diabetic Feet)
Neuro-arthropathy
• Classified according to Sanders & Mrddjencovich– Pattern 1 – Forefoot
– Pattern 2- Lisfranc’s joint
– Pattern 3 – lesser tarsus
– Pattern 4 – ankle
– Pattern 5 – calcaneus or posterior piller
Peripheral arterial disease
• Four time more prevalent in diabetics
• Augmented by smoking
• Arterial occlusion typically involve infra-poplitealartery but spares the dorsalis pedis
Peripheral arterial disease
Systemic Examination
• Inspection
• Palpation
• Percussion
• Auscultation
• Measurement
Inspection (Thyroid)
• Movement with deglutition
• Movement with protrusion of tongue
• Position & extent of swelling of both lobes & isthmus
• Shape, size, surface, margin, skin over swelling
• Any visible pulsation
• Any venous prominence over neck or chest wall
• Inspection for toxicity– Tremor of hand & tongue
– Exophthalmos
– Dalrymple’s sign
– Von Graefe’s sign
– Joffroy’s sign
– Moebius’s sign
– Stellwag’s sign
– Pemberton’s sign
Inspection
Inspection of breast
• Degree of enlargement of male breast in gynaecomastia
• Female breast may be atrophied in virilization
• Tanner staging
Inspection of external genitalia
• Male – Penile length
– Scrotal apperance
– Pubic hair
– Tanner staging of pubic hair
• Female – Clitoromegaly
– Pubic hair & Tanner staging
Palpation(Thyroid)
• Temperature
• Tenderness
• Movement with deglutition
• Position & extent of swelling
• Shape, size, surface, margin
• Consistency
• Neck circumference
• Pulsation
• Thrill
• Skin fixity
• Mobility
• Position of larynx & trachea
• Carotid pulsation
Different methods of palpation of thyroid are –Lahey’s, Pizzilo’s, Crile’s method
Palpation
Palpation of breast
• Enlargement of male breast & its degree of enlargement with relation to disc
• Any nodule, lump
Palpation of external genitalia
• Stretched penile length
• Approximate volume of testes & consistency
• Palpation of labial fold to see the presence of gonads
Percussion & Auscultation
• Percussion over manubrium sterni for evaluation of retro-sternal prolongation thyroid swelling
• Any bruit over thyroid audible or not
Measurement
• Upper segment – from vortex to upper border of symphysis pubis
• Lower segment – from upper border of symphysis pubis to heel
• Body mass index – (weight in Kg)/height(m2)
• Waist circumferance – measured at a point between lowest point of costal margin & heighstpoint of ileal crest
• Waist:Hip ratio
Sexual Maturation Index
• Breast – Tanner staging (stage 1 to stage 5)
• Pubic hair – Tanner staging (stage 1 to stage 6)
• Stretched penile length –
• Testicular volume – Prader’s orchidometer
• Clitoral index – length x breath of clitoris
Recommended