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ABG FROM THEORY TO THERAPY PRESENTED BY:
DR HUSSAM AFIFY
WHAT IS PH ? pH=-log[H+] concentration,
which is read: the pH is equal to minus the log of the H+
concentration. For example is the H+ concentration is very low, lets say about
0.0000001M, then the pH is pH= -log[.0000001] whis is the same as -log[1 X 10-7]
the term log[1 X 10-7] = -7 - (-7) = 7
WHAT IS P STAND FOR ?The exact meaning of the "p" in "pH" is disputed Power :-o according to the Carlsberg Foundation, pH stands for "power of hydrogen".o It has also been suggested that the "p" stands for the German Potenz (meaning "power"), o others refer to French puissance (also meaning "power", based on the fact that the Carlsberg Laboratory was French-speaking)
Pondus :- Another suggestion is that the "p" stands for the Latin terms pondus hydrogenii (engl. quantity of hydrogen)
WHAT IS OPTIMUM PH FOR OUR BODY?
WHAT IS HOMEO-STASIS ?
is the property of a system in which a variable (e.g. the concentration of
a substance in solution, or its temperature etc.) is actively
regulated to remain very nearly constant.
HOMEO-STASIS …..DISEASE
imbalance Balance
hypothermia
hyperthermia
loss Production Temperature
cachexia obesity loss Production Energy
alkalosis acidosis Loss Production H ion
Hypo Hyper Loss ( shift)
Gain ( retention)
Electolytes ( CA ,K ,
Na…… Bleeding thrombosis fibrinolysi
sCoagulation Blood
Hemostasis
FROM WHERE WE CAN GET H IONS ? Most hydrogen ions originate from cellular metabolismBreakdown of phosphorus containing proteins releases phosphoric acid into the ECF
Anaerobic respiration of glucose produces lactic acid
Fat metabolism yields organic acids and ketone bodies
Transporting carbon dioxide as bicarbonate releases hydrogen ions
Life is a long acid trip
WHAT IS ACID AND WHAT IS THE BASE ?
volatile Organic Carbonic 1 -hydrochloric
acid 2 -lactic acid
3 -DNA RNA4 -amino acids
5 -fatty acids
WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ION AND ANION ?
Ion :- Carry charge in its outer
surface
WHY FIXED PH IS IMPORTANT ?Electrical Neutrality
ELECTRICAL NEUTRALITY
Nerve conduc
tion
Muscle contraction
Platelets
function
Electrolytes
homeostasis
Dissociation of oxygen
WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACIDEMIA AND ACIDOSIS ?
Acidosis AcidemiaPrimary physiologic process that may lead to acidemia
hypoperfusion lactic acidosis
hypoventilation respiratory acidosisPh may be normal
or
or
Blood PH less than 7.35
WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ALKALEMIA AND ALKALOSIS ?
Alkalosis AlkalemiaPrimary physiologic process that may lead to alkalemia
diarhia metabolic alkalosis hyperventilation respiratory
alkalosis
Ph may be normal or
or
Blood PH more than 7.45
NORMAL PH BUT ABNORMAL ABG , WHY ?Compensation Concomitant
disorders 1- over or under compensation ( secondary disorders ) 2- tertiary disorders
HYDROGEN ION REGULATION = COMPENSATION Concentration of hydrogen ions is regulated sequentially by:1. Chemical buffer systems act within seconds2. The respiratory center in the brain stem acts within
1-3 minutes3. Renal mechanisms require hours to days to affect
pH changes
1- BUFFERS …SECONDS 1. A buffer is a solution whose
function is to minimize the change in pH when a base or an acid is added to the solution
2. Most buffers consist of a weak acid (which releases H+ ions) and a weak base (which binds H+ ions)
3. If an acidic solution is added to a buffer solution, the buffer will combine with the extra H+ ions and help to maintain the pH
4. If a basic solution is added to a buffer solution, the buffer will release H+ ions to help maintain the pH
2- RESPIRATORY …MINUTES 1. physiological buffering system2. There is a reversible equilibrium
between: Dissolved carbon dioxide and water Carbonic acid and the hydrogen and
bicarbonate ions CO2 + H2O « H2CO3 « H+ + HCO3¯
3. When hypercapnia or rising plasma H+ occurs:
Deeper and more rapid breathing expels more carbon dioxide
Hydrogen ion concentration is reduced4. Alkalosis causes slower, more shallow
breathing, causing H+ to increase
3- RENAL …DAYS
CAN ABG DISORDERS AFFECT OXYGENATION
INDICATIONS OF ABG TEST Muakkassa and coworkers studied the relationship between the presence of an arterial line and ABG sampling . These authors demonstrated that patients’ with an arterial line had more ABGs drawn than those who did not regardless of the value of the PaO2, PaCO2, APACHE II score or the use of a ventilator. In this study, multivariate analysis demonstrated that presence of an
arterial line was the most powerful predictor of the number of ABGs
drawn per patient independent of all other measures of the patient’s clinical status
WHAT IS YOUR METHOD ?
OUR METHOD WILL BE ……!!!!!!!
P & P ……. !!!!!!!!!!!Patient Paper
WHY THE PATIENT IS IMPORTANT ?History S & S Diabetic CKD Intoxication Shock
Respiratory HyperventilationShift of Oxy-Hb curve to right
Cardiovascular Myocardial depressionTissue catecholamine resistance
Pulmonary vasoconstrictionHyperkalaemia
Metabolic acidosis
WHY THE PATIENT IS IMPORTANT ?History S & S COPD Opoid After general anethesia
Vasodilation, sweaty, tachycardic, mydriasis, asterixis Confusion Drowsy and ALOC
Respiratory acidosis
WHY THE PATIENT IS IMPORTANT ?History S & S Vomiting Diarrhia Diuretics Hypovolemic hypokalemic
Shift O2 dissociation curve to left (increased affinity for Hb-O2) Right shift with increase TEMP, 2-3 DPG, H+
Hypokalemia, hypocalcaemia, hypochloraemia
Symptoms related to HYPOcalcaemia and HYPOkalaemia Dizzy, light-headedChest tightnessAnxiety, dysphasia…..laryngospasm
Metabolic alkalosis
WHY THE PATIENT IS IMPORTANT ?History S & S Pain Fever stress Agitated Early in athma PE !!!
Associated changes HYPOcalcaemia, HYPOkalaemia, HYPOphosphatemia
Decreased Co2 reduces H+ binding, increases negative charge of proteins and increases binding of calcium to proteins Thus reducing ionised calcium
Hypocalcaemia with tetany and carpopedal spasm
Shift 02 dissociation curve to the left (Alkalosis) (Increased affinity of Hb for O2)Respiratory
alkalosis
Prediction – actual analysis
Mixed disorder
ANATOMY OF ABG PAPER A ………. Acid B ………. Base C ……... Contents of oxygen and Co2 D ……... Delivery of O2 ….. E …….... Electrolytes ( ?) F ……… Fetal HB and other forms of abnormal HB G ……... glucose H ……... Hemoglobin I ……… Inhaled CO L ……... Lactate
5 STEPS 1.Confirm2.Classify 3.Calculate 4.Causes 5.Correct
1- CONFIRM Patient Errors 1.Same patient2.Same date 3.Same time
Lab Errors 1. Calculate the H ion
concentration from the equation
2. This calculated H ion should be cross ponded to H ion in the ABG report
VALIDITY 1-
2- subtract the last two digits of the pH (e.g., 20 in pH 7.20) from 80; this value is approximately equal to the H+ concentration
2- CLASSIFY ….. WHAT IS PRIMARY ? 7.4
alkalosis Norrmal Acidosis
More than 7.45 7.35 – 7.45 LESS than 7.35 Ph
Less than 35 35 -- 45 More than 45 PaCO2(Respiratory)
More than 26 22 – 26 LESS than 22 HCO3(Metabolic)ROM
E
3- CALCULATE ….. 1- compensation
ANION GAP
Na + ( 1.6 × g – 100/100 )
Na – ( Cl + Hco3 ) 12 ± 4
AG + 2.5 ( 4 – Albumin )
NOT ONLY IN METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
Critical care secret page 311
LOW ANION GAP 1- Decrease in unmeasured anions (albumin, dilution) 2- Increase in unmeasured cations (multimyeloma (cationic IgG paraprotein), hypercalcaemia, hypermagnesaemia, lithium OD, polymixin B)
bromide OD (causes falsely elevated chloride measurements) Atrovent (Ipratropium) bromideAvelox (moxifloxacin)Celebrex (celecoxib)Cipro (ciprofloxacin)Crestor (rosuvastatin)Diflucan (fluconazole)Lescol (fluvastatin)Levaquin (levofloxacin)Lexapro (escitalopram)Lipitor (atorvastatin)Pulmicort (budesonide)Risperdal (risperidone)Tobra Dex (from dexamethasone)
URINE AG For non-gap metabolic acidosis, calculate the urine anion gap
UAG = UNA + UK – UCL If UAG>0: renal problem If UAG<0: nonrenal problem (most commonly GI) ……. neGUTive !
3- CALCULATE 2- tertiary disorders
4- CAUSES
CAUSES OF METABOLIC ACIDOSIS Metaboli
c acidosis
HAGMA NAGMA
HAGMA …… OSMOLAR gap Measured – calculated
15
isopropan
ol
Ethylene
glycol
methanol
Acetone Glycolate ( false ↑ lactate )Oxylate ( crystals )
FormaldehydeFormic acid
metabolites
Elevated Early :- elevatedLate :- normal
OG
Normal Early :- normalLate :- elevated
AG
AKI Blindness Clues
HAGMA
HOSG
1- methanol2- ethanol3- diuritics (mannitol)4- isopropyl alcohol5- ethylene glycole
NOSG
1-lactic acidosis2- renal failure3- DKA
NAGMA
POSITIVE UAG
RENAL
NEGUTIVE UAG
GIT
1- dirrhia2- colostomy3- fistula4- uretric diversion5- hyperalimentaion
CAUSES OF METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
CAUSES OF RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
CAUSES OF HYPERCAPNIA
CAUSES OF RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS TACHYPNIA
5- CORRECT THE CAUSES 1- sodium bicarb 2- acetazolamide
Please see evidence based book pp 340
HOW TO DECREASE THE ABUSESEE PAUL MRIK PP 330
Thank you
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