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A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
Farming system opportunities and limitations in Rwanda: Exploring scenarios
to improve welfare and sustainable land use
JH Ainembabazi, PMN Dontsop, G Nziguheba, M van Wijk, L Klapwijk, L Jassogne, B Vanlauwe, P van
Asten, V. Manyong
A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
• Farming systems are diverse:– Small farm size <2 ha– Low yields <30% of attainable yield levels– Subsistence orientation– Low adoption of technologies
• Sustainability of these systems is uncertain– Level of intensification– Resource use & management– Spatial and temporal scales– Market orientation
• A holistic analytical strategy is required
Motivation
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• Aim:– Assessment of sustainability of cropping systems
– Link sustainability and welfare indicators
• Methodology:– Framework for assessing sustainability of NRM
systems (MESMIS)• Productivity, stability, reliability, resilience, adaptability
and self-reliance
– Cluster analysis used to generate cropping systems• Predominant crops grown and land allocation
Aim and methodology
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Data: Humidtropics field sites
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0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0Maize
SorghumRice
MilletWheat
CassavaSweet potatoes
Irish potatoesYam
BeansGroundnuts
SoyabeanPigeon peas
BananaSweet banana
KaleTomatoes
carrotsLeafy vegetables
ChiliesPineapple
CoffeeCottonTimberFodderothers
Frequency (%)
Frequency of crops per season
Long rain seasonShort rain season
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0.2
.4.6
.81
Are
a sh
are
of fa
rm s
ize
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3
Cereals LegumesRoots & Tubers Bananas
Clustering based on land allocation
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Productivity indicators0
1,00
02,
000
3,00
0P
rodu
ctiv
ity ($
/ha)
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Land productivity ($/ha)
010
2030
Val
ue ($
/TLU
)
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Value of livestock products ($/TLU)
020
4060
80In
com
e ($
/cap
ita)
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Net cash income/capita/year ($)
0.1
.2.3
Inpu
t/out
put r
atio
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Economic inefficiency
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Stability indicators0
.1.2
.3la
nd s
ize
(ha)
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Land owned/capita (ha)
0.5
11.
5Li
vest
ock
(ha)
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Livestock onwnership (TLU)
020
4060
80Fa
rm a
sset
s (%
)
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Value of farm assets share (%)
020
4060
80O
wn
labo
r inp
ut (%
)
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
HH members work on own farm (%)
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01
23
4N
umbe
r of m
onth
s
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
# of months of inadequate food supplies
010
020
030
0FS
R/F
SS
R
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Food security/ self-sufficiency ratios (FSR/FSSR)
FSR FSSR
Self-reliance indicatorsFood consumption• Food security• Food self sufficiency• Food amount in bad months• # months of inadequate food
010
2030
4050
Inad
equa
te fo
od s
uppl
ies
(%)
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Share of a meal consumed in months of inadequate food (%)
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Self-reliance indicators …0
24
6S
hare
rent
ed in
(%)
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Only 12% of sample rented in landShare of operated area rented in (%)
05
1015
% o
f ino
rgan
ic fe
rt
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Share of inorganic fertilizer use[% of total use (inorganic and organic)]
02
46
Cre
dit/a
sset
val
ue ra
tio
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Total debt to assets ratio (indebtedness)
05
1015
Sha
re o
ff fa
rm (%
)
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
HH members in off farm employment (%)
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Adaptability indicators0
12
3N
umbe
r of c
rops
gro
wn
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Seasonal crop diversity
Long rain Short rain
01
23
4#
parc
els
and
plot
s op
erat
ed
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
# of different parcels/plots operated
Parcels Plots
020
4060
80S
hare
plo
ts p
rote
cted
(%)
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Share of plot area protected by SCP (%)
05
1015
2025
# of
tree
s
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Average # of trees per plot
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05
1015
2025
Sha
re o
f plo
ts (%
)
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Application of inorganic fertilizer
020
4060
Sha
re o
f plo
ts (%
)
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Application of organic manure
02
46
8S
hare
of p
lots
(%)
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Application of pesticides & herbicides
020
4060
80S
hare
of p
lots
(%)
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Incorporation of crop resides
Adaptability indicators …
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05
1015
20S
hare
of t
otal
inco
me
(%)
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Off-farm income (%)
0.5
1#
exte
nsio
n vi
sits
Legumesystems
Bananasystems
Cerealsystems
Extension visits in 2 years
Adaptability indicators …
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Productivity
Stability
Self-reliance
Adaptability
10
20
30
Sustainability scores in 25th quartileProductivity
Stability
Self-reliance
Adaptability
10
20
30
40
Median scores for sustainability
Productivity
Stability
Self-reliance
Adaptability
10
20
30
40
Sustainability scores in 75th quartile
Productivity
Stability
Self-reliance
Adaptability10
20
30
Legume sytems
Banana systems
Cereal systems
Average scores for sustainability
Scores for sustainability attributes
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1020
3040
50O
vera
ll su
stai
nabi
lity
inde
x
0 2 4 6 8log of FSR/FSSR
FSR FSSR
FSR FSSR
FS and FSS ratiosLegume based systems
1020
3040
Ove
rall
sust
aina
bilit
y in
dex
0 2 4 6 8log of FSR/FSSR
FSR FSSR
FSR FSSR
FS and FSS ratiosBanana based systems
1020
3040
Ove
rall
sust
aina
bilit
y in
dex
0 2 4 6 8log of FSR/FSSR
FSR FSSR
FSR FSSR
FS and FSS ratiosCereal based systems
1020
3040
50O
vera
ll su
stai
nabi
lity
inde
x
0 2 4 6 8 10log of total consumable income/capita
Annual income per capitaLegume based systems
1020
3040
Ove
rall
sust
aina
bilit
y in
dex
0 2 4 6 8 10log of total consumable income/capita
Annual income per capitaBanana based systems
1020
3040
Ove
rall
sust
aina
bilit
y in
dex
0 2 4 6 8 10log of total consumable income/capita
Annual income per capitaCereal based systems
Relationship between food security and income
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• Trade-off: socio-economic (stability/self-reliance) Vs
bio-physical indicators (productivity/adaptability)– Cereal systems are more stable & self-reliant
– Banana & legume systems are more productive & adaptive
• Sustainability – welfare indicators relationship
– Increases at decreasing rate, stabilizes then declines• Maximum sustainability scores <50%
• Holistic interventions & analyses – not appropriate
– Farming systems Vs individual farms
Conclusions and implications
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THANK YOU
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