Biodiversity

Loss of biodiversity

Prepared byElegbeleye Oladipo Ayodamope

CONTENTS

What is biodiversity. types of biodiversity. Major Threats to Biodiversity. Important Role of Biodiversity. Conservation biodiversity.

Biodiversity

What does “Bio” mean?

Bio =Life

What is biodiversity?

What is biodiversity? Biodiversity, or biological diversity, is the immense variety

and richness of life on Earth.

Diversity = Variety

types of biodiversity

1. Genetic diversity: variety in the genetic makeup among individuals within a species

2. Species diversity: variety among the species or distinct types of living organisms found in different habitats of the planet

3. Ecosystem or ecological diversity: variety of forests, deserts, grasslands, streams, lakes, oceans, coral reefs, wetlands and other biological communities

4. Functional diversity: biological and chemical processes of functions such as energy flow and matter cycling needed for the survival of species and biological communities

Major Threats to Biodiversity

-

1. Human population growth

2. Habitat destruction

4. Invasive species

5. Global climate change

3. Overexploitation

Today’s mass extinction

Species of large mammals and birds plummeted with the arrival of humans, independently, on each of three continents—suggesting that human hunting was the cause.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) said that many species are threatened with extinction.

At threat of extinction are 1 out of 8 birds 1 out of 4 mammals 1 out of 4 conifers 1 out of 3 amphibians 6 out of 7 marine turtles

75% of genetic diversity of agricultural crops has been lost 75% of the world’s fisheries are fully or over exploited Up to 70% of the world’s known species risk extinction if the global

temperatures rise by more than 3.5°C 1/3rd of reef-building corals around the world are threatened with extinction Over 350 million people suffer from severe water scarcity

Human population growth

- Global population tripled in the 20th century, but water usage increased by a factor of six. Assuming that the world population increases from six to eight billion by 2025, there is growing concern that four billion people -or as much as 50% of world population in 2025) globally may face water stress.

-As a population increases, the amount of essential resources per capita approaches a minimum (Liebig's Law)No population can increase without limit Resources become distributed unevenly among individuals

Between 56% and 65% of inland water systems suitable for use in intensive agriculture in Europe and North America had been drained by 1985. The respective figures for Asia and South America were 27% and 6%.

73% of marshes in northern Greece have been drained since 1930.

60% of the original wetland area of Spain has been lost.

Habitat destruction

- Happens when either natural disasters or human activities change the ecosystem so much that many species can no longer survive.

Natural sources of habitat destruction: Volcanic eruptions Wildfires Droughts Severe storms Human activities: Deforestation Draining wetlands Damming rivers

Loss Of Forests

Comparing actual area of Brazilian portion of the Amazon deforested each year between 1990 and 2009 including the projected rate based on Brazilian government targets to reduce deforestation by 80% by 2020, and cumulative total deforestation as a percentage of the estimated original extent of the Brazilian Amazon (4.1 million km2). A 20-year study has shown that deforestation and introduction of non-native species has led to about 12.5% of the world’s plant species to become critically rare. (In fact, as an example, a study suggests that the Amazon damage is worse than previously thought, due to previously undetected types of selective logging and deforestation.)

Overexploitation

Overexploitation, or excessive use, of species that have economic value is a factor increasing the current rate of extinction.

Historically, overexploitation was the primary cause of species extinction. Bison Passenger Pigeons Ocelot Rhinoceros

Endangered golden lion tamarin, endemic to Brazil’s Atlantic rainforest, which has been almost totally destroyed

it was last seen in 1989

The Golden Toad

Global Climate Change

Climate Change Impacts On Biodiversity In The Arctic -Climate Change Means Ocean Change -Increasing Ocean Acidification -Increasing Ocean Stratification -Increasing Oceanic Dead Zones -Coral Reefs Threatened By Climate Change -Lizards Threatened By Climate Change

Pollution

Pollution (land and marine) are long known to have negative impacts on wildlife and the environment.

From industrial and agricultural run-offs to household waste and more can end up far from the source, causing problems for people and the environment, even as far as the arctic

over 80% of marine pollution comes from land-based activities

A baby albatross

Threats to Reefs

10% of the coral reefs around the world are already dead. Coral bleaching is another manifestation of the problem and is showing up in reefs across the planet

Important Role of Biodiversity

Ecological Role…..

Economic Role…..

Scientific Role…..

Conservation biodiversity

-Protected areas are an essential part of conservation program-To be conserved, biodiversity must be integrated into the

agriculture, fishery, and forestry sectors. These sectors are directly dependent on biodiversity and affect it directly.

- Prevention and early intervention have proven to be the most successful and cost-effective way of tackling invasive species.

-Strong institutions at all levels are essential to support biodiversity conservation and the sustainable use of ecosystems

-Informing all of society about the benefits of conserving biodiversity,

-Direct and indirect drivers of biodiversity loss must be addressed to better protect biodiversity and ecosystem services

Biodiversity Hotspots around the Globe

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