Understanding Resilience through a Musical Analogy

2016 International Conference on Natural Hazards and Infrastructure

Understanding Resilience through a Musical AnalogyRamon Gilsanz, PE, SE, FSEI

A Musical Analogy

Earthquake ↔ Music

Soil ↔ Musician

Seismic Spectrum ↔ Score

Building ↔ Instrument

Bldg. Response ↔ Melody

Occupants ↔ Audience

Social Context ↔ Concert Hall

Magnitude

Acceleration

Shaking Duration

Frequency

Musician

Dynamics (Loudness)

Tempo (Speed)

Time (Length of Piece)

Musical Pitch

Soil-Musician

Soil-MusicianTypes of Waves

Bolt, B. (1993) “Earthquakes and Geological Discovery”

Soil-MusicianTypes of Waves

Atkinson Physics (YouTube)

• Density (Granite): 156-168 lbs/sf3

• P-Waves: 19,700 ft/s• S-Waves: 10,800 ft/s

Soil-Musician Solid Rock

• Density: 94 lbs/sf3

• P-Waves: 1,310 ft/s• S-Waves: 330 ft/s

Soil-Musician Sand

Rachel Barton Pine

Soil-Musician

esmes.com

Soil-Musician Liquefaction

Christchurch, New Zealand, 2011

nzraw.co.nz

Soil-Musician Liquefaction

Assam, India, 1897

Oldham, R.D. “Report on the great earthquake of 1897”

Soil-Musician Clay and Silt

Indiana University Southeast

Soil-Musician

John Hacket (pintrest)

Soil-Musician Clay and Silt

Bolt, B. (1993)

• Measure of energy an earthquake releases

• An increase in magnitudeof 1 is a 32-fold increasein energy released

• Seismic Moment = (Strength of soil) x (Rupture area) x (Fault displacement)

(Adopted by USGS in 2002)

Soil-MusicianMagnitude

• Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)– Maximum acceleration experienced by

a particle at ground level

• Peak Floor Acceleration (PFA)– Maximum acceleration experienced at

a floor level

Soil-MusicianAccelerations

Seismic Spectrum - Score

Adapted from Bolt, B. (1993)

Building-InstrumentFrequency

Building-Instrument

emporis.com

Building-InstrumentResonance

Missouri S&T, Prof. O. Kwon (YouTube)

Role of the Engineer

• Static Analysis

• Response Spectrum

• Non-linear / Time History(measures duration)

Building-InstrumentWays to Design

Approximate acceleration experienced by a building, when modeled as a particle on a vertical mass-less rod, with an identical period as the building

Building-InstrumentWays to DesignAcceleration

F ~ m x SA

PERIOD

NEHRP SDS SD1

2003 0.24 0.0472000 0.28 0.0631997 0.28 0.063

Design accelerations for

Zip Code: 10016Assuming Site Class B

RockStandard Steel building

Ordinary moment frame

Ie =1R = 3.5Ts = 0.195 seconds

• Approach: Redundant shear wall construction

• Goal: Immediate occupancy

• Downside: High non-structural damage, architectural constraints

Building-InstrumentDesign Approach:Chile

Building-Instrument Design Approach:Chile

FEMA-350 (2000)

Building-Instrument Design Approach:Japan

• Approach: Base isolation

• Goal: Immediate occupancy & minimal damage

• Downside: High cost

Building-Instrument Design Approach:Japan

Photos: GMS

Building-InstrumentDesign Approach:Japan

Shimizu Corporation

Building-Instrument Design Approach:United States

• Approach: Energy dissipation through plastic deformations of the structure

• Goal: Cost effective life safety

• Downside: Significant damage to building

Building-Instrument Design Approach:United States

Photo: GMS

Building-Instrument Plastic Hinge

FEMA-350 (2000)

Building-Instrument Plastic Hinge

FEMA-350 (2000)

Occupants- Audience

Modified Mercalli Earthquake Intensity Scale

imgur.com

Collapse

Unusable

Usable

Source: CATDAT Damaging Earthquakes Database (via earthquake-report.com)

Building Damage

Context-Concert Hall

South African National Youth Orchestra

Chrisian Mehlfurer

U.S. Approach

Protects the individual…

• 0.5% of all crashes are fatal• 1.07 fatalities per 100 mil VMT

(US DOT NHTSA)

…but cripples the system (city)

(US DOT FHWA)

Bottle-necks

25%Collisions

Badweather

Workzones

Poor SignalOther

Context-Concert HallLisbon, 1755

Bettman Archives

Context-Concert HallLisbon, 1755

Voltaire Rousseau

Nature is so cruel…Look at this

devastation in Lisbon!

Nature did not construct twenty thousand houses of six to seven stories there!

Context-Concert HallSan Francisco, 1906

Wikimedia Commons

Context-Concert HallSan Francisco, 1906

Over 3,000 deathsTotal damage ~ $350 million

Estimates of % damage due to earthquake:3% - Colonel Francis W. Fitzpatrick, ISBC, 1906.

About 4% - Horace D. Dunn, engineer, 1906.3 to 10% - Architect and Engineer, 1907.

Less than 5% - A.M. Hunt, insurance adjuster, 1925.20% - Professor Karl Steinbrugge, University of CA, 1982.

5% - Professor Stephen Tobriner, University of CA.

Great Kantō earthquake struck Tokyo at 11:58:44 a.m September 1, 1923

Because the earthquake struck at lunchtime when many people were cooking meals over fire, many people died as a result of the many large fires that broke out

3 hour

6 hour 12 hour

Building Damage

3 hour

Courtesy of Michigan State University

Context-Concert HallAdditional Effects

• How many instruments must breakbefore a performance gets canceled?

• How important are those instruments?

• Not only individual buildings, but the entire neighborhood must be resilient.

• It is important that the neighbor remains standing

• The most vulnerable elements of the cityare most in need of protection.

• 9/11 attack– Economically strong neighborhood– Newer construction– Localized damage– City is not paralyzed

• Hurricane Sandy– Economically weak neighborhoods– Older construction– Widespread damage– More difficult to respond

Credits

Staring

Ramon Gilsanz

Supporting Roles

Verónica CedillosDan EschanasyAyse HortacsuSissy Nikolaou

Len Joseph

Produced by

Petr Vancura

Thank youGilsanz Murray SteficekEngineers and Architects

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