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Real Time Parameter Estimation for Power Quality Control and Intelligent Protection of Grid-Connected Power Electronic Converters
Abstract
This paper presents a method to identify power system impedance in real-time
using signals obtained from grid connected power electronic converters. The
proposed impedance estimation has potential applications in renewable/distributed
energy systems, STATCOM, and solid state substations. The method uses wavelets
to analyze transients associated with small disturbances imposed by power
converters and determine the net impedance back to the source. A data capture
period of 5 ms is applied to an accurate impedance estimation which provides the
possibility of ultra fast fault detection (i.e., within a half cycle). The paper
describes how the proposed method would enhance the distributed generation
operation during faults.
INTRODUCTION
AS THE composition of power systems changes with the increased use of
distributed generation (DG), the ability to maintain a secure supply with high
power quality is becoming more challenging. The increased use of power
electronic converters as part of loading systems could cause further power quality
problems: converters act as strong harmonic current (or voltage) sources. The
information on power system parameters (particularly the net power system
impedance to source) at any instant in time is central to addressing these problems
[1], [2]. For example, power system impedance monitoring is an important
enhancement to active filter control [3]. The impedance estimation can be
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embedded into the normal operation of grid connected power electronic equipment
(PEE) such as sinusoidal rectifiers [3] and active shunt filters (ASF) [4]. PWM
harmonics associated with PEE, as measured in the active filter line current or
voltage at the point of common connection (PCC) can provide non-invasive
estimation of power system impedance changes, although it is not accurate enough
to provide a suitable value for control [5]. A small disturbance introduced by a
short modification to the PEE’s PWM strategy can be used to excite the power
system impedance and the associated voltage and current transients can be used to
determine more exactly the supply
Impedance back to source, [6]. This invasive method is only triggered when the
non-invasive method determines a significant change in [5]. The previous
estimation strategy required that the PEE line current and PCC line voltage be
measured for 160 ms before the transient injection, and 160 ms post-transient in
order to get a suitable frequency resolution for the impedance measurement (6.25
Hz). The analysis proposed in this paper would substantially reduce the period for
data capturing to 5 ms posttransient, and reduce pre-transient data requirement.
This is because the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) is used to process
voltage and current transients for calculating the supply impedance. The proposed
method therefore has the potential to determine the change in the supply
impedance within half asupply cycle. This paper introduces the concept of real-
time impedance estimation, and then describes how CWT is used to significantly
speed up impedance estimation, demonstrating this capability with experimental
results. The paper then goes on to describe how this estimation technique may be
used to locate faults inside and outside a defined power “zone.” Fault identification
and location is an important application of real-time impedance estimation, and
may find use in renewable/distributed energy systems, and power grids for more-
electric aircraft and more-electric ships.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
22
C 1
D 7
12
C 6
10u f
12
2 2
C 3 10U f
R 1
1 k
M6
IR 2110
1
7 10
12
13
2
6
3
95
LO
H O H IN
L IN
V SS
C OM
VB
VC C
VD DVS
12Mhz
230V AC
U 6
74A LS 244A10
20
1
2
4
68
11
13
18
16
14
12
9
7
GND
VCC
1 G
1A 1
1A 2
1A 31A 42A 1
2A 2
1Y 1
1Y 2
1Y 3
1Y 4
2Y 1
2Y 2
D 6
12
C 1
TX3
12
LM7805
1
2
3V I
GND
V O
22
IR 2110
1
7 10
12
13
2
6
3
95
LO
H O H IN
L IN
V SS
C OM
VB
VC C
VD DVS
C 1
15V R 1
1k
230VAC
TX1
M1
C 1
D 5
12
M 2
C 2
D 4
12
12
2 2
2 2
M3
D 8
LED
TX2
C 5
1000u f
M4
IR 2110
1
7 10
12
13
2
6
3
95
LO
H O H IN
L IN
V SS
C OM
VB
VC C
VD DVS
M5
A T89C 51
9
18
19
1
2
3
4
21
22
23
24
10
39
38
37
36
40
2 0
3 1
R S T
XTA L2
XTA L1
P 1 . 0
P 1 . 1
P 1 . 2
P 1 . 3
P 2 . 0 /A 8
P 2 . 1 /A 9
P 2 . 2 /A 10
P 2 . 3 /A 11
P 3 . 0 /R XD
P 0 . 0 /A D 0
P 0 . 1 /A D 1
P 0 . 2 /A D 2
P 0 . 3 /A D 3
VCC
G N D
EA /V P P
22
LM7812
1
2
3V I
GND
V O
C 1
Power Supply:
The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The
a.c. input i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer
to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a
pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output
voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components
present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage
regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage. The block diagram of
regulated power supply is shown in the figure 3.2
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Fig 3.2 components of power supply
Transformer:
Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic
equipment and these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot
be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input available at the mains supply i.e.,
230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This is done by a
transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the
voltage to a required level.
Rectifier:
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C.
into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In
this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability
and full wave rectification.
Filter:
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the
output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is
constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if
either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes.
Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.
Voltage regulator:
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As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage
regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are
required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage
regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply
and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels
MICROCONTROLLER
A microcontroller is a kind of miniature computer that you can find in all
kinds of Gizmos. Some examples of common, every-day products that have
microcontrollers are built-in. If it has buttons and a digital display, chances are it
also has a programmable microcontroller brain.
Every-Day the devices used by ourselves that contain Microcontrollers. Try
to make a list and counting how many devices and the events with microcontrollers
you use in a typical day. Here are some examples: if your clock radio goes off, and
you hit the snooze button a few times in the morning, the first thing you do in your
day is interact with a microcontroller. Heating up some food in the microwave
oven and making a call on a cell phone also involve operating microcontrollers.
That's just the beginning. Here are a few more examples: Turning on the
Television with a handheld remote, playing a hand held game, using a
calculator, and checking your digital wrist watch. All those devices have
microcontrollers inside them, which interact with you. Consumer appliances aren't
the only things that contain microcontrollers. Robots, machinery, aerospace
designs and other high-tech devices are also built with microcontrollers.
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3.3.1 FEATURES OF ATMEL 89C51
8 Bit CPU optimized for control applications
Extensive Boolean processing (Single - bit Logic) Capabilities.
On - Chip Flash Program Memory
On - Chip Data RAM
Bi-directional and Individually Addressable I/O Lines
Multiple 16-Bit Timer/Counters
Full Duplex UART
Multiple Source / Vector / Priority Interrupt Structure
On - Chip Oscillator and Clock circuitry.
On - Chip EEPROM
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3.3.2 ARCHITECTURE OF ATMEL 89C51
Figure 3.1 Architecture of ATMEL 89C51
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3.3.3 PIN DIAGRAM OF ATMEL 89C51
Figure 3.2 Pin diagram of ATMEL
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3.3.4 PIN OUT DESCRIPTION
Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port each
pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be
used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the
multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and
data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code
bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program
verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins
they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,
Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of
the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash
programming and verification.
Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins
they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,
Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of
the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from
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External program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use
16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application it uses strong internal pull-
ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit
addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function
Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals
during Flash programming and verification.
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins
they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,
Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of
the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the
AT89C51 as listed below:
Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and
verification.
RST
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A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address
during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input
(PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a
constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or
clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each
access to external Data Memory.
If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location
8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction.
Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect
if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When
the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated
twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during
each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the
device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up
to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally
latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.
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This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during
Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. It should be noted that when
idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program
execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset
algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this
event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an
unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction
following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to
external memory.
3.3.5 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
All Atmel Flash micro controllers have separate address spaces for program
and data memory. The logical separation of program and data memory allows the
data memory to be accessed by 8 bit addresses which can be more quickly stored
and manipulated by an 8 bit CPU Nevertheless 16 Bit data memory addresses can
also be generated through the DPTR register.
Program memory can only be read. There can be up to 64K bytes of directly
addressable program memory. The read strobe for external program memory is the
Program Store Enable Signal (PSEN) Data memory occupies a separate address
space from program memory. Up to 64K bytes of external memory can be directly
addressed in the external data memory space. The CPU generates read and write
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signals, RD and WR, during external data memory accesses. External program
memory and external data memory can be combined by an applying the RD and
PSEN signal to the inputs of AND gate and using the output of the fate as the read
strobe to the external program/data memory.
Program Memory:
The map of the lower part of the program memory, after reset, the CPU
begins execution from location 0000h. Each interrupt is assigned a fixed location
in program memory. The interrupt causes the CPU to jump to that location, where
it executes the service routine. External interrupt 0 for example, is assigned to
location 0003h. If external Interrupt 0 is used, its service routine must begin at
location 0003h. If the interrupt is not used its service location is available as
general-purpose program memory.
The interrupt service locations are spaced at 8 byte intervals 0003h for
External interrupt 0, 000Bh for Timer 0, 0013h for External interrupt 1,001Bh for
Timer1 and so on. If an Interrupt service routine is short enough (as is often the
case in control applications) it can reside entirely within that 8-byte interval.
Longer service routines can use a jump instruction to skip over subsequent
interrupt locations, if other interrupts are in use. The lowest addresses of program
memory can be either in the on-chip Flash or in an external memory. To make this
selection, strap the External Access (EA) pin to either VCC or GND. For example,
in the AT89C51 with 4K bytes of on-chip Flash, if the EA pin is strapped to VCC,
program fetches to addresses 0000h through 0FFFh are directed to internal Flash.
Program fetches to addresses 1000h through FFFFh are directed to external
memory.
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Data Memory:
The Internal Data memory is dived into three blocks namely,
The lower 128 Bytes of Internal RAM.
The Upper 128 Bytes of Internal RAM.
Special Function Register
Internal Data memory Addresses are always 1 byte wide, which implies an
address space of only 256 bytes. However, the addressing modes for internal RAM
can in fact accommodate 384 bytes. Direct addresses higher than 7Fh access one
memory space and indirect addresses higher than 7Fh access a different Memory
Space.
The lowest 32 bytes are grouped into 4 banks of 8 registers. Program
instructions call out these registers as R0 through R7. Two bits in the Program
Status Word (PSW) Select, which register bank, are in use. This architecture
allows more efficient use of code space, since register instructions are shorter than
instructions that use direct addressing.
The next 16-bytes above the register banks form a block of bit addressable
memory space. The micro controller instruction set includes a wide selection of
single - bit instructions and this instruction can directly address the 128 bytes in
this area. These bit addresses are 00h through 7Fh. either direct or indirect
addressing can access all of the bytes in lower 128 bytes. Indirect addressing can
only access the upper 128. The upper 128 bytes of RAM are only in the devices
with 256 bytes of RAM.
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The Special Function Register includes Ports latches, timers, peripheral
controls etc., direct addressing can only access these register. In general, all Atmel
micro controllers have the same SFRs at the same addresses in SFR space as the
AT89C51 and other compatible micro controllers. However, upgrades to the
AT89C51 have additional SFRs. Sixteen addresses in SFR space are both byte and
bit Addressable. The bit Addressable SFRs are those whose address ends in 000B.
The bit addresses in this area are 80h through FFh.
3.3.6 ADDRESSING MODES:
Direct addressing:
In direct addressing, the operand specified by an 8-bit address field in the
instruction. Only internal data RAM and SFR’s can be directly addressed.
Indirect addressing:
In Indirect addressing, the instruction specifies a register that contains the
address of the operand. Both internal and external RAM can indirectly address.
The address register for 8-bit addresses can be either the Stack Pointer or R0
or R1 of the selected register Bank. The address register for 16-bit addresses can be
only the 16-bit data pointer register, DPTR.
Indexed addressing:
Program memory can only be accessed via indexed addressing this
addressing mode is intended for reading look-up tables in program memory. A 16
bit base register (Either DPTR or the Program Counter) points to the base of the
table, and the accumulator is set up with the table entry number. Adding the
Accumulator data to the base pointer forms the address of the table entry in
program memory.
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Another type of indexed addressing is used in the“case jump” instructions.
In this case the destination address of a jump instruction is computed as the sum of
the base pointer and the Accumulator data.
Register Instruction:
The register banks, which contains registers R0 through R7, can be accessed
by Instructions whose opcodes carry a 3-bit register specification. Instructions that
access the registers this way make efficient use of code, since this mode eliminates
an address byte. When the instruction is executed, one of four banks is selected at
execution time by the row bank select bits in PSW.
Register - Specific Instruction:
Some Instructions are specific to a certain register. In these cases, the
opcode itself points to the correct register. Instructions that register to Accumulator
as A assemble as Accumulator - specific Opcodes.
Immediate constants:
The value of a constant can follow the opcode in program memory For
example. MOV A, #100 loads the Accumulator with the decimal number 100. The
same number could be specified in hex digit as 64h.
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Program Status Word:
CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV --- P
PSW 7 PSW 0
PSW 6 PSW 1
PSW 5 PSW 2
PSW 4 PSW 3
The Program Status Word contains Status bits that reflect the current state of
the CPU. The PSW shown if Fig resides in SFR space. The PSW contains the
Carry Bit, The auxiliary Carry (For BCD Operations) the two - register bank select
bits, the Overflow flag, a Parity bit and two user Definable status Flags.
The Carry Bit, in addition to serving as a Carry bit in arithmetic operations
also serves the as the “Accumulator” for a number of Boolean Operations .The bits
RS0 and RS1 select one of the four register banks. A number of instructions
register to these RAM locations as R0 through R7.The status of the RS0 and RS1
bits at execution time determines which of the four banks is selected. The Parity bit
reflect the Number of 1s in the Accumulator .P=1 if the Accumulator contains an
even number of 1s, and P=0 if the Accumulator contains an even number of 1s.
Thus, the number of 1s in the Accumulator plus P is always even.
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Applications of Microcontrollers
Microcontrollers are designed for use in sophisticated real time
applications such as
Industrial Control
Instrumentation and
Intelligent computer peripherals
They are used in industrial applications to control
Motor
Robotics
Discrete and continuous process control
In missile guidance and control
In medical instrumentation
Oscilloscopes
Telecommunication
Automobiles
For Scanning a keyboard
Driving an LCD
For Frequency measurements
Period Measurements
Firmware Implementation of the project design
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The firmware programmed in LPC2148 is designed to communicate
with Finger print and operates according the commands received from the
Switches. Therefore, the main firmware programmed can be divided into
three parts:
1. Receive the Data from Finger print and processing and
validating.
2. And take the data from switches and comparing with the data
base and updating the data base.
3. and display the command and display the result with respect to
the switch operations.
KEIL ARM Is Used For The Development Of Finger Print Based Electronic
Voting Machine
7.1.µVision3 Overview
The µVision3 IDE is a Windows-based software development platform that
combines a robust editor, project manager, and makes facility. µVision3
integrates all tools including the C compiler, macro assembler, linker/locator,
and HEX file generator. µVision3 helps expedite the development process of
your embedded applications by providing the following:
Full-featured source code editor,
Device database for configuring the development tool setting,
Project manager for creating and maintaining your projects,
Integrated make facility for assembling, compiling, and linking your
embedded applications,
Dialogs for all development tool settings,
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True integrated source-level Debugger with high-speed CPU and
peripheral simulator,
Advanced GDI interface for software debugging in the target hardware
and for connection to Keil ULINK,
Flash programming utility for downloading the application program into
Flash ROM,
Links to development tools manuals, device datasheets & user's
guides.
The µVision3 IDE offers numerous features and advantages that help you
quickly and successfully develop embedded applications. They are easy to
use and are guaranteed to help you achieve your design goals.
The µVision3 IDE and Debugger is the central part of the Keil
development tool chain. µVision3 offers a Build Mode and a Debug Mode.In
the µVision3 Build Mode you maintain the project files and generate the
application.
In the µVision3 Debug Mode you verify your program either with a powerful
CPU and peripheral simulator or with the Keil ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter (or
other AGDI drivers) that connect the debugger to the target system. The
ULINK allows you also to download your application into Flash ROM of your
target system.
Features and Benefits
Feature Benefit
The µVision3 Simulator is the only
debugger that completely
simulates all on-chip peripherals.
Write and test application code before
production hardware is available.
Investigate different hardware
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configurations to optimize the hardware
design.
Simulation capabilities may be
expanded using the Advanced
Simulation Interface (AGSI).
Sophisticated systems can be
accurately simulated by adding your
own peripheral drivers.
The Code Coverage feature of the
µVision3 Simulator provides
statistical analysis of your
program's execution.
Safety-critical systems can be
thoroughly tested and validated.
Execution analysis reports can be
viewed and printed for certification
requirements.
The µVision3 Device Database
automatically configures the
development tools for the target
microcontroller.
Mistakes in tool settings are practically
eliminated and tool configuration time
is minimized.
The µVision3 IDE integrates
additional third-party tools like
VCS, CASE, and FLASH/Device
Programming.
Quickly access development tools and
third-party tools. All configuration
details are saved in the µVision3
project.
The ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter
supports both Debugging and
Flash programming with
configurable algorithm files.
The same tool can be used for
debugging and programming. No extra
configuration time required.
Identical Target Debugger and
Simulator User Interface.
Shortens your learning curve.
µVision3 incorporates project
manager, editor, and debugger in
Accelerates application development.
While editing, you may configure
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a single environment. debugger features. While debugging,
you may make source code
modifications.
Interface
The µVision3 User Interface consists of menus, toolbar buttons, keyboard
shortcuts, dialog boxes, and windows that you use as you interact with and
manage the various aspects of your embedded project.
The menu bar provides menus for editor operations, project
maintenance, development tool option settings, program debugging,
external tool control, window selection and manipulation, and on-line
help.
The toolbar buttons allow you to rapidly execute µVision3 commands.
A Status Bar provides editor and debugger information. The various
toolbars and the status bar can be enabled or disabled from the View
Menu commands.
Keyboard shortcuts offer quick access to µVision3 commands and may
be configured via the menu command Edit — Configuration — Shortcut
Key.
The following sections list the µVision3 commands that can be reached by
menu commands, toolbar buttons, and keyboard shortcuts. The µVision3
commands are grouped mainly based on the appearance in the menu bar:
File Menu and File Commands
Edit Menu and Editor Commands
Outlining Menu
Advanced Menu
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Selecting Text Commands
View Menu
Project Menu and Project Commands
Debug Menu and Debug Commands
Flash Menu
Peripherals Menu
Tools Menu
SVCS Menu
Window Menu
Help Menu
7.2.Creating Applications
This chapter describes the Build Mode of µVision3 and is grouped into the
following sections:
Create a Project : explains the steps required to setup a simple
application and to generate HEX output.
Project Target and File Groups : shows how to create application
variants and organized the files that belong to a project.
Tips and Tricks : provides information about the advanced features of
the µVision3 Project Manager.
This chapter uses the ARM as target architecture and only explains
generic features of the µVision3 IDE. Architecture specific information
(like bank switching for 8051) can be found in the Getting Started
User's Guide of the related toolchain.
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Debugging
This chapter describes the Debug Mode of µVision3 and shows you how
to use the user interface to test a sample program. Also discussed are
simulation mode and the different options available for program debugging.
You can use µVision3 Debugger to test the applications you develop.
The µVision3 Debugger offers two operating modes that are selected in the
Options for Target — Debug dialog.
Use Simulator configures the µVision3 Debugger as software-only
product that simulates most features of a microcontroller without
actually having target hardware. You can test and debug your
embedded application before the hardware is ready. µVision3
simulates a wide variety of peripherals including the serial port,
external I/O, and timers. The peripheral set is selected when you select
a CPU from the device database for your target.
Use Advanced GDI drivers, like the ULINK Debugger to interface to your
target hardware. For µVision3 various drivers are available that
interface to:
JTAG/OCDS Adapter: which connects to on-chip debugging
systems like the ARM Embedded ICE.?
Monitor: that may be integrated with user hardware or is
available on many evaluation boards.
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Emulator: which connects to the CPU pins of the target
hardware?
In-System Debugger: which is part of the user application
program and provides basic test functions?
Test Hardware: such as the Infineon Smart Card ROM Monitor
RM66P or the Philips SmartMX DBox.
The Status Bar shows the current active debugging tool. In simulation
mode, timing statistics are provided.
Simulation
The µVision3 Debugger incorporates a C script language you can use
to create Signal Functions. Signal functions let you simulate analog and
digital input to the microcontroller. Signal functions run in the background
while µVision3 simulates your target program.
The µVision3 simulator simulates the timing and logical behavior of
serial communication protocols like UART, I²C, SPI, and CAN. But µVision3
does not simulate the I/O port toggling of the physical communication pins
on the I/O port.
To provide fast simulation speed and optimum access to
communication peripherals, the logic behavior of communication peripherals
is reflected in virtual registers that are listed with the DIR VTREG command.
This has the benefit that you can easily write debug functions that stimulate
complex peripherals.
The chapter contains several Signal function temples that you may use
to simulate:
Digital Input
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Push Button
Interrupt Signal
Impulse Patterns
Analog Input
Square Wave Signal
Saw Tooth Signal
Sine Wave
Noise Signal
Signal Combination
UART Communication
CAN Communication
I²C Communication
SPI Communication
7.3. Flash Programming
µVision3 integrates Flash Programming Utilities in the project environment.
All configurations are saved in context with your current project.
You may use external command-line driven utilities (usually provided by the
chip vendor) or the Keil ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter. The Flash Programming
Utilities are configured under
Project — Options — Utilities.
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Flash Programming may be started from the Flash Menu or before starting
the µVision3 Debugger when you enable Project — Options — Utilities —
Update Target before Debugging.
For more information refer to the following topics:
Configure Flash Menu: configures the Flash Menu for using an external
command-line based utility or the Keil ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter.
ULink Configuration: explains the configuration settings for the Keil
ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter.
Pre-Download Scripts: allows to you program multiple applications or
configure the BUS system which is required for ULINK when you
program off-chip Flash devices.
Flash Algorithms: explains you how to create own Flash Program
Algorithms for the Keil ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter.
HEX File Flash Download: explains how to program existing HEX files.
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Flash Magic
The screenshot of FLASH MAGIC is as shown in figure 7.2
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CONCLUSION
A new method for estimating power system impedance is proposed. The method
employs the CWT to derive the impedance from measured transient data. The main
advantage with this technique is that the data capture time is significantly reduced
compared to previous techniques, and offers the possibility of true on-line real-
time impedance estimation for both power quality equipment, and embedded
generation interfaces, thus improving their reliability and dynamic response, and
also enhancing the quality and operation of distributed generation equipment.
One aspect of this intelligent grid operation has also been demonstrated—the
ability to use impedance estimation to determine the presence of a fault, and decide
whether that fault required a distributed generation unit to be disconnected. This
approach provides a more flexible protection scheme than ROCOF and allows DG
to ride through loading transients and remote faults.
REFERENCES
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[8] F. Fernandes, R. Spaendonck, and C. Burrus, “A new framework for complex
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[9] J. Ren andM. Kezunovic, “Real-time power system frequency and phasors
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www.egtechprojects.com
[10] P. Kang and G. Ledwich, “Estimating power system modal parameters using
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[11] G. Strang and T. Nguyen,Wavelets and Filter Banks. Wellesley,MA,USA:
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[12] M. Tsukamoto, S. Ogawa, Y. Natsuda, Y. Minowa, and S.
Nishimura,“Advanced technology to identify harmonics characteristics and results
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Domijan, Ed., Orlando, FL, USA, 2000, vol. 1, pp. 341–346.
[13] P. Pachanapan, O. Anaya-Lara, and K. L. Lo, “Agent-based control for power
quality enhancement in highly distributed generation networks,”in Proc. 44th Int.
Universities Power Eng. Conference (UPEC), Sep. 2009, pp. 1–4.
[14] M. Sumner, D. Thomas, A. Abusorrah, L. Yao, R. Parashar, and M.Bazargan,
“Intelligent protection for embedded generation using active
impedance estimation,” in Proc. 2nd IEEE Int. Symp. Power Electron.Distrib.
Gener. Syst. (PEDG), Hefei, China, Jun. 16–18, 2010.
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