Real time parameter estimation for power quality control and intelligent protection of grid

Real Time Parameter Estimation for Power Quality Control and Intelligent Protection of Grid-Connected Power Electronic Converters

Abstract

This paper presents a method to identify power system impedance in real-time

using signals obtained from grid connected power electronic converters. The

proposed impedance estimation has potential applications in renewable/distributed

energy systems, STATCOM, and solid state substations. The method uses wavelets

to analyze transients associated with small disturbances imposed by power

converters and determine the net impedance back to the source. A data capture

period of 5 ms is applied to an accurate impedance estimation which provides the

possibility of ultra fast fault detection (i.e., within a half cycle). The paper

describes how the proposed method would enhance the distributed generation

operation during faults.

INTRODUCTION

AS THE composition of power systems changes with the increased use of

distributed generation (DG), the ability to maintain a secure supply with high

power quality is becoming more challenging. The increased use of power

electronic converters as part of loading systems could cause further power quality

problems: converters act as strong harmonic current (or voltage) sources. The

information on power system parameters (particularly the net power system

impedance to source) at any instant in time is central to addressing these problems

[1], [2]. For example, power system impedance monitoring is an important

enhancement to active filter control [3]. The impedance estimation can be

www.egtechprojects.com

embedded into the normal operation of grid connected power electronic equipment

(PEE) such as sinusoidal rectifiers [3] and active shunt filters (ASF) [4]. PWM

harmonics associated with PEE, as measured in the active filter line current or

voltage at the point of common connection (PCC) can provide non-invasive

estimation of power system impedance changes, although it is not accurate enough

to provide a suitable value for control [5]. A small disturbance introduced by a

short modification to the PEE’s PWM strategy can be used to excite the power

system impedance and the associated voltage and current transients can be used to

determine more exactly the supply

Impedance back to source, [6]. This invasive method is only triggered when the

non-invasive method determines a significant change in [5]. The previous

estimation strategy required that the PEE line current and PCC line voltage be

measured for 160 ms before the transient injection, and 160 ms post-transient in

order to get a suitable frequency resolution for the impedance measurement (6.25

Hz). The analysis proposed in this paper would substantially reduce the period for

data capturing to 5 ms posttransient, and reduce pre-transient data requirement.

This is because the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) is used to process

voltage and current transients for calculating the supply impedance. The proposed

method therefore has the potential to determine the change in the supply

impedance within half asupply cycle. This paper introduces the concept of real-

time impedance estimation, and then describes how CWT is used to significantly

speed up impedance estimation, demonstrating this capability with experimental

results. The paper then goes on to describe how this estimation technique may be

used to locate faults inside and outside a defined power “zone.” Fault identification

and location is an important application of real-time impedance estimation, and

may find use in renewable/distributed energy systems, and power grids for more-

electric aircraft and more-electric ships.


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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1A 1

1A 2

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2A 2

1Y 1

1Y 2

1Y 3

1Y 4

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XTA L1

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P 1 . 1

P 1 . 2

P 1 . 3

P 2 . 0 /A 8

P 2 . 1 /A 9

P 2 . 2 /A 10

P 2 . 3 /A 11

P 3 . 0 /R XD

P 0 . 0 /A D 0

P 0 . 1 /A D 1

P 0 . 2 /A D 2

P 0 . 3 /A D 3

VCC

G N D

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Power Supply:

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The

a.c. input i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer

to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a

pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output

voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components

present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage

regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage. The block diagram of

regulated power supply is shown in the figure 3.2


Fig 3.2 components of power supply

Transformer:

Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic

equipment and these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot

be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input available at the mains supply i.e.,

230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This is done by a

transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the

voltage to a required level.

Rectifier:

The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C.

into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In

this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability

and full wave rectification.

Filter:

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the

output of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is

constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if

either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes.

Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

Voltage regulator:


As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage

regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a

constant voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are

required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage

regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply

and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels

MICROCONTROLLER

A microcontroller is a kind of miniature computer that you can find in all

kinds of Gizmos. Some examples of common, every-day products that have

microcontrollers are built-in. If it has buttons and a digital display, chances are it

also has a programmable microcontroller brain.

Every-Day the devices used by ourselves that contain Microcontrollers. Try

to make a list and counting how many devices and the events with microcontrollers

you use in a typical day. Here are some examples: if your clock radio goes off, and

you hit the snooze button a few times in the morning, the first thing you do in your

day is interact with a microcontroller. Heating up some food in the microwave

oven and making a call on a cell phone also involve operating microcontrollers.

That's just the beginning. Here are a few more examples: Turning on the

Television with a handheld remote, playing a hand held game, using a

calculator, and checking your digital wrist watch. All those devices have

microcontrollers inside them, which interact with you. Consumer appliances aren't

the only things that contain microcontrollers. Robots, machinery, aerospace

designs and other high-tech devices are also built with microcontrollers.


3.3.1 FEATURES OF ATMEL 89C51

8 Bit CPU optimized for control applications

Extensive Boolean processing (Single - bit Logic) Capabilities.

On - Chip Flash Program Memory

On - Chip Data RAM

Bi-directional and Individually Addressable I/O Lines

Multiple 16-Bit Timer/Counters

Full Duplex UART

Multiple Source / Vector / Priority Interrupt Structure

On - Chip Oscillator and Clock circuitry.

On - Chip EEPROM


3.3.2 ARCHITECTURE OF ATMEL 89C51

Figure 3.1 Architecture of ATMEL 89C51


3.3.3 PIN DIAGRAM OF ATMEL 89C51

Figure 3.2 Pin diagram of ATMEL


3.3.4 PIN OUT DESCRIPTION

Port 0

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port each

pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be

used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the

multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and

data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code

bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program

verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.

Port 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1

output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins

they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,

Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of

the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash

programming and verification.

Port 2





the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from


External program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use

16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application it uses strong internal pull-

ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit

addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function

Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals

during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3





the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the

AT89C51 as listed below:

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and

verification.

RST


A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running

resets the device.

ALE/PROG

Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address

during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input

(PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a

constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or

clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each

access to external Data Memory.

If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location

8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction.

Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect

if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN

Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When

the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated

twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during

each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the

device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up

to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally

latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.


This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during

Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.

XTAL1

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock

operating circuit.

XTAL2

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. It should be noted that when

idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program

execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset

algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this

event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an

unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction

following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to

external memory.

3.3.5 MEMORY ORGANIZATION

All Atmel Flash micro controllers have separate address spaces for program

and data memory. The logical separation of program and data memory allows the

data memory to be accessed by 8 bit addresses which can be more quickly stored

and manipulated by an 8 bit CPU Nevertheless 16 Bit data memory addresses can

also be generated through the DPTR register.

Program memory can only be read. There can be up to 64K bytes of directly

addressable program memory. The read strobe for external program memory is the

Program Store Enable Signal (PSEN) Data memory occupies a separate address

space from program memory. Up to 64K bytes of external memory can be directly

addressed in the external data memory space. The CPU generates read and write


signals, RD and WR, during external data memory accesses. External program

memory and external data memory can be combined by an applying the RD and

PSEN signal to the inputs of AND gate and using the output of the fate as the read

strobe to the external program/data memory.

Program Memory:

The map of the lower part of the program memory, after reset, the CPU

begins execution from location 0000h. Each interrupt is assigned a fixed location

in program memory. The interrupt causes the CPU to jump to that location, where

it executes the service routine. External interrupt 0 for example, is assigned to

location 0003h. If external Interrupt 0 is used, its service routine must begin at

location 0003h. If the interrupt is not used its service location is available as

general-purpose program memory.

The interrupt service locations are spaced at 8 byte intervals 0003h for

External interrupt 0, 000Bh for Timer 0, 0013h for External interrupt 1,001Bh for

Timer1 and so on. If an Interrupt service routine is short enough (as is often the

case in control applications) it can reside entirely within that 8-byte interval.

Longer service routines can use a jump instruction to skip over subsequent

interrupt locations, if other interrupts are in use. The lowest addresses of program

memory can be either in the on-chip Flash or in an external memory. To make this

selection, strap the External Access (EA) pin to either VCC or GND. For example,

in the AT89C51 with 4K bytes of on-chip Flash, if the EA pin is strapped to VCC,

program fetches to addresses 0000h through 0FFFh are directed to internal Flash.

Program fetches to addresses 1000h through FFFFh are directed to external

memory.


Data Memory:

The Internal Data memory is dived into three blocks namely,

The lower 128 Bytes of Internal RAM.

The Upper 128 Bytes of Internal RAM.

Special Function Register

Internal Data memory Addresses are always 1 byte wide, which implies an

address space of only 256 bytes. However, the addressing modes for internal RAM

can in fact accommodate 384 bytes. Direct addresses higher than 7Fh access one

memory space and indirect addresses higher than 7Fh access a different Memory

Space.

The lowest 32 bytes are grouped into 4 banks of 8 registers. Program

instructions call out these registers as R0 through R7. Two bits in the Program

Status Word (PSW) Select, which register bank, are in use. This architecture

allows more efficient use of code space, since register instructions are shorter than

instructions that use direct addressing.

The next 16-bytes above the register banks form a block of bit addressable

memory space. The micro controller instruction set includes a wide selection of

single - bit instructions and this instruction can directly address the 128 bytes in

this area. These bit addresses are 00h through 7Fh. either direct or indirect

addressing can access all of the bytes in lower 128 bytes. Indirect addressing can

only access the upper 128. The upper 128 bytes of RAM are only in the devices

with 256 bytes of RAM.


The Special Function Register includes Ports latches, timers, peripheral

controls etc., direct addressing can only access these register. In general, all Atmel

micro controllers have the same SFRs at the same addresses in SFR space as the

AT89C51 and other compatible micro controllers. However, upgrades to the

AT89C51 have additional SFRs. Sixteen addresses in SFR space are both byte and

bit Addressable. The bit Addressable SFRs are those whose address ends in 000B.

The bit addresses in this area are 80h through FFh.

3.3.6 ADDRESSING MODES:

Direct addressing:

In direct addressing, the operand specified by an 8-bit address field in the

instruction. Only internal data RAM and SFR’s can be directly addressed.

Indirect addressing:

In Indirect addressing, the instruction specifies a register that contains the

address of the operand. Both internal and external RAM can indirectly address.

The address register for 8-bit addresses can be either the Stack Pointer or R0

or R1 of the selected register Bank. The address register for 16-bit addresses can be

only the 16-bit data pointer register, DPTR.

Indexed addressing:

Program memory can only be accessed via indexed addressing this

addressing mode is intended for reading look-up tables in program memory. A 16

bit base register (Either DPTR or the Program Counter) points to the base of the

table, and the accumulator is set up with the table entry number. Adding the

Accumulator data to the base pointer forms the address of the table entry in

program memory.


Another type of indexed addressing is used in the“case jump” instructions.

In this case the destination address of a jump instruction is computed as the sum of

the base pointer and the Accumulator data.

Register Instruction:

The register banks, which contains registers R0 through R7, can be accessed

by Instructions whose opcodes carry a 3-bit register specification. Instructions that

access the registers this way make efficient use of code, since this mode eliminates

an address byte. When the instruction is executed, one of four banks is selected at

execution time by the row bank select bits in PSW.

Register - Specific Instruction:

Some Instructions are specific to a certain register. In these cases, the

opcode itself points to the correct register. Instructions that register to Accumulator

as A assemble as Accumulator - specific Opcodes.

Immediate constants:

The value of a constant can follow the opcode in program memory For

example. MOV A, #100 loads the Accumulator with the decimal number 100. The

same number could be specified in hex digit as 64h.


Program Status Word:

CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV --- P

PSW 7 PSW 0

PSW 6 PSW 1

PSW 5 PSW 2

PSW 4 PSW 3

The Program Status Word contains Status bits that reflect the current state of

the CPU. The PSW shown if Fig resides in SFR space. The PSW contains the

Carry Bit, The auxiliary Carry (For BCD Operations) the two - register bank select

bits, the Overflow flag, a Parity bit and two user Definable status Flags.

The Carry Bit, in addition to serving as a Carry bit in arithmetic operations

also serves the as the “Accumulator” for a number of Boolean Operations .The bits

RS0 and RS1 select one of the four register banks. A number of instructions

register to these RAM locations as R0 through R7.The status of the RS0 and RS1

bits at execution time determines which of the four banks is selected. The Parity bit

reflect the Number of 1s in the Accumulator .P=1 if the Accumulator contains an

even number of 1s, and P=0 if the Accumulator contains an even number of 1s.

Thus, the number of 1s in the Accumulator plus P is always even.


Applications of Microcontrollers

Microcontrollers are designed for use in sophisticated real time

applications such as

Industrial Control

Instrumentation and

Intelligent computer peripherals

They are used in industrial applications to control

Motor

Robotics

Discrete and continuous process control

In missile guidance and control

In medical instrumentation

Oscilloscopes

Telecommunication

Automobiles

For Scanning a keyboard

Driving an LCD

For Frequency measurements

Period Measurements

Firmware Implementation of the project design


The firmware programmed in LPC2148 is designed to communicate

with Finger print and operates according the commands received from the

Switches. Therefore, the main firmware programmed can be divided into

three parts:

1. Receive the Data from Finger print and processing and

validating.

2. And take the data from switches and comparing with the data

base and updating the data base.

3. and display the command and display the result with respect to

the switch operations.

KEIL ARM Is Used For The Development Of Finger Print Based Electronic

Voting Machine

7.1.µVision3 Overview

The µVision3 IDE is a Windows-based software development platform that

combines a robust editor, project manager, and makes facility. µVision3

integrates all tools including the C compiler, macro assembler, linker/locator,

and HEX file generator. µVision3 helps expedite the development process of

your embedded applications by providing the following:

Full-featured source code editor,

Device database for configuring the development tool setting,

Project manager for creating and maintaining your projects,

Integrated make facility for assembling, compiling, and linking your

embedded applications,

Dialogs for all development tool settings,


True integrated source-level Debugger with high-speed CPU and

peripheral simulator,

Advanced GDI interface for software debugging in the target hardware

and for connection to Keil ULINK,

Flash programming utility for downloading the application program into

Flash ROM,

Links to development tools manuals, device datasheets & user's

guides.

The µVision3 IDE offers numerous features and advantages that help you

quickly and successfully develop embedded applications. They are easy to

use and are guaranteed to help you achieve your design goals.

The µVision3 IDE and Debugger is the central part of the Keil

development tool chain. µVision3 offers a Build Mode and a Debug Mode.In

the µVision3 Build Mode you maintain the project files and generate the

application.

In the µVision3 Debug Mode you verify your program either with a powerful

CPU and peripheral simulator or with the Keil ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter (or

other AGDI drivers) that connect the debugger to the target system. The

ULINK allows you also to download your application into Flash ROM of your

target system.

Features and Benefits

Feature Benefit

The µVision3 Simulator is the only

debugger that completely

simulates all on-chip peripherals.

Write and test application code before

production hardware is available.

Investigate different hardware


configurations to optimize the hardware

design.

Simulation capabilities may be

expanded using the Advanced

Simulation Interface (AGSI).

Sophisticated systems can be

accurately simulated by adding your

own peripheral drivers.

The Code Coverage feature of the

µVision3 Simulator provides

statistical analysis of your

program's execution.

Safety-critical systems can be

thoroughly tested and validated.

Execution analysis reports can be

viewed and printed for certification

requirements.

The µVision3 Device Database

automatically configures the

development tools for the target

microcontroller.

Mistakes in tool settings are practically

eliminated and tool configuration time

is minimized.

The µVision3 IDE integrates

additional third-party tools like

VCS, CASE, and FLASH/Device

Programming.

Quickly access development tools and

third-party tools. All configuration

details are saved in the µVision3

project.

The ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter

supports both Debugging and

Flash programming with

configurable algorithm files.

The same tool can be used for

debugging and programming. No extra

configuration time required.

Identical Target Debugger and

Simulator User Interface.

Shortens your learning curve.

µVision3 incorporates project

manager, editor, and debugger in

Accelerates application development.

While editing, you may configure


a single environment. debugger features. While debugging,

you may make source code

modifications.

Interface

The µVision3 User Interface consists of menus, toolbar buttons, keyboard

shortcuts, dialog boxes, and windows that you use as you interact with and

manage the various aspects of your embedded project.

The menu bar provides menus for editor operations, project

maintenance, development tool option settings, program debugging,

external tool control, window selection and manipulation, and on-line

help.

The toolbar buttons allow you to rapidly execute µVision3 commands.

A Status Bar provides editor and debugger information. The various

toolbars and the status bar can be enabled or disabled from the View

Menu commands.

Keyboard shortcuts offer quick access to µVision3 commands and may

be configured via the menu command Edit — Configuration — Shortcut

Key.

The following sections list the µVision3 commands that can be reached by

menu commands, toolbar buttons, and keyboard shortcuts. The µVision3

commands are grouped mainly based on the appearance in the menu bar:

File Menu and File Commands

Edit Menu and Editor Commands

Outlining Menu

Advanced Menu


ms-its:C:%5CKeil%5CARM%5CHLP%5Cuv3.chm::/uv3_ui_file.htm

ms-its:C:%5CKeil%5CARM%5CHLP%5Cuv3.chm::/uv3_ui_advanced.htm

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Selecting Text Commands

View Menu

Project Menu and Project Commands

Debug Menu and Debug Commands

Flash Menu

Peripherals Menu

Tools Menu

SVCS Menu

Window Menu

Help Menu

7.2.Creating Applications

This chapter describes the Build Mode of µVision3 and is grouped into the

following sections:

Create a Project : explains the steps required to setup a simple

application and to generate HEX output.

Project Target and File Groups : shows how to create application

variants and organized the files that belong to a project.

Tips and Tricks : provides information about the advanced features of

the µVision3 Project Manager.

This chapter uses the ARM as target architecture and only explains

generic features of the µVision3 IDE. Architecture specific information

(like bank switching for 8051) can be found in the Getting Started

User's Guide of the related toolchain.


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ms-its:C:%5CKeil%5CARM%5CHLP%5Cuv3.chm::/uv3_ui_tools.htm

ms-its:C:%5CKeil%5CARM%5CHLP%5Cuv3.chm::/uv3_ui_peripherals.htm

ms-its:C:%5CKeil%5CARM%5CHLP%5Cuv3.chm::/uv3_ui_flash.htm

ms-its:C:%5CKeil%5CARM%5CHLP%5Cuv3.chm::/uv3_ui_debug.htm

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Debugging

This chapter describes the Debug Mode of µVision3 and shows you how

to use the user interface to test a sample program. Also discussed are

simulation mode and the different options available for program debugging.

You can use µVision3 Debugger to test the applications you develop.

The µVision3 Debugger offers two operating modes that are selected in the

Options for Target — Debug dialog.

Use Simulator configures the µVision3 Debugger as software-only

product that simulates most features of a microcontroller without

actually having target hardware. You can test and debug your

embedded application before the hardware is ready. µVision3

simulates a wide variety of peripherals including the serial port,

external I/O, and timers. The peripheral set is selected when you select

a CPU from the device database for your target.

Use Advanced GDI drivers, like the ULINK Debugger to interface to your

target hardware. For µVision3 various drivers are available that

interface to:

JTAG/OCDS Adapter: which connects to on-chip debugging

systems like the ARM Embedded ICE.?

Monitor: that may be integrated with user hardware or is

available on many evaluation boards.


http://www.keil.com/ulink/

Emulator: which connects to the CPU pins of the target

hardware?

In-System Debugger: which is part of the user application

program and provides basic test functions?

Test Hardware: such as the Infineon Smart Card ROM Monitor

RM66P or the Philips SmartMX DBox.

The Status Bar shows the current active debugging tool. In simulation

mode, timing statistics are provided.

Simulation

The µVision3 Debugger incorporates a C script language you can use

to create Signal Functions. Signal functions let you simulate analog and

digital input to the microcontroller. Signal functions run in the background

while µVision3 simulates your target program.

The µVision3 simulator simulates the timing and logical behavior of

serial communication protocols like UART, I²C, SPI, and CAN. But µVision3

does not simulate the I/O port toggling of the physical communication pins

on the I/O port.

To provide fast simulation speed and optimum access to

communication peripherals, the logic behavior of communication peripherals

is reflected in virtual registers that are listed with the DIR VTREG command.

This has the benefit that you can easily write debug functions that stimulate

complex peripherals.

The chapter contains several Signal function temples that you may use

to simulate:

Digital Input


Push Button

Interrupt Signal

Impulse Patterns

Analog Input

Square Wave Signal

Saw Tooth Signal

Sine Wave

Noise Signal

Signal Combination

UART Communication

CAN Communication

I²C Communication

SPI Communication

7.3. Flash Programming

µVision3 integrates Flash Programming Utilities in the project environment.

All configurations are saved in context with your current project.

You may use external command-line driven utilities (usually provided by the

chip vendor) or the Keil ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter. The Flash Programming

Utilities are configured under

Project — Options — Utilities.


ms-its:C:%5CKeil%5CARM%5CHLP%5Cuv3.chm::/uv3_dg_flashutil.htm

Flash Programming may be started from the Flash Menu or before starting

the µVision3 Debugger when you enable Project — Options — Utilities —

Update Target before Debugging.

For more information refer to the following topics:

Configure Flash Menu: configures the Flash Menu for using an external

command-line based utility or the Keil ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter.

ULink Configuration: explains the configuration settings for the Keil

ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter.

Pre-Download Scripts: allows to you program multiple applications or

configure the BUS system which is required for ULINK when you

program off-chip Flash devices.

Flash Algorithms: explains you how to create own Flash Program

Algorithms for the Keil ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter.

HEX File Flash Download: explains how to program existing HEX files.


Flash Magic

The screenshot of FLASH MAGIC is as shown in figure 7.2


CONCLUSION

A new method for estimating power system impedance is proposed. The method

employs the CWT to derive the impedance from measured transient data. The main

advantage with this technique is that the data capture time is significantly reduced

compared to previous techniques, and offers the possibility of true on-line real-

time impedance estimation for both power quality equipment, and embedded

generation interfaces, thus improving their reliability and dynamic response, and

also enhancing the quality and operation of distributed generation equipment.

One aspect of this intelligent grid operation has also been demonstrated—the

ability to use impedance estimation to determine the presence of a fault, and decide

whether that fault required a distributed generation unit to be disconnected. This

approach provides a more flexible protection scheme than ROCOF and allows DG

to ride through loading transients and remote faults.

REFERENCES


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[10] P. Kang and G. Ledwich, “Estimating power system modal parameters using

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Engineering

Real time parameter estimation for power quality control and intelligent protection of grid