Mg and its alloys

Microstructural features, propertiesand application of magnesium alloy

Vinayak kumar212314011Industrial metallurgy

• Found 2.8% in sea water and other forms, i.e., dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), magnesite (MgCO3) and Carnallite (KMgCl3.6H2O).

• Magnesium with 99.8% purity are readily available but rarely used in this stage for engineering applications.

Applications

phone bodies. Magnesium side panels

Alloyed wheel

Gearbox housing in the VW-Passat

Aerospace applications

Cam and mobile

Physical properties of magnesium

• Low strength and toughness and corrosion resistance.

• Easily flammable with oxygen.

• Alloyed with Al, Zn, Th, rare earth metals to produce alloys with high-strength-to weight ratios.

• Tends to form compounds with negative valence ion (due to strong electropositive) rather than solid solution.

• Not readily plastically deformed at room temperature due to HCP structure.

• Cast magnesium alloys dominate 85-90% of all magnesium alloy products, with Mg-Al-Zn system being the most widely used.

Crystal structure HCP a = 0.3202, c = 0.5199, c/a = 1.624Atomic diameter 0.320 easily alloyed with Al, Zn, Ag, ZrDensity (g.cm-3) 1.74Melting point (oC) 650

Classification of magnesium alloys

• ASTM system designated by two capital letterfollowed by two or three numbers.

F – IronG – MagnesiumH – ThoriumK – ZirconiumL – Lithium

M - ManganeseN – NickelP – LeadQ - SilverR - Chromium

S – SiliconT – TinY –AntimonyZ - zinc

A – AluminiumB – BismuthC – CopperD – CadmiumE – Rare earths

• The letters stand for the two major alloying elements- first letter - the highest amount- second letter - the second highest amount

• The numbers stand for the amount of the two major alloying elements

- first number following the letters stands for the wt% of the first letter element.

- second number stands for the wt% of the second letter element.

Example

The magnesium alloy contains2 wt% silver, 2% rare earthsand in the A modification.

T6 – solution heat-treated, quenched and artificially aged.

QE22A-T6 -

AZ92A - The magnesium alloy contains9 wt% aluminium, 2 wt% zinc.

Commercial magnesium alloys

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Magnesium- Aluminum based alloys

Magnesium-Zinc based alloys

Magnesium-Rare Earth alloys

Magnesium-Thorium based alloy

High temperature Mg casting alloys

Mg-Al based alloy

• Al is alloyed to increase strength, castability and corrosion resistance• Maximum solid solubility is ~ 12.7% at 818F• Decreases to 3.2% at 400 F.

• This group includes Magnesium-Aluminum- Manganese and Magnesium- Aluminum- Zinc.• AZ63A is used where maximum toughness along with moderately high yield strength. • AZ92A is used where maximum yield strength plus good pressure-tightness are required.• The microstructure of AZ92A alloy is shown• The structure in sand-cast condition shows a network of massive δ (Mg17Al12)

• However most of the eutectic has separated, the ε phase has joined the primary ε grains, leaving behind the compound as a white network.

• By rapid cooling and subsequently artificial aging can cause precipitation of the compound as fine particle within the grain.

• The wrought alloy M1A (1.2% Mn) is low cost, low strength has excellent weldability, corrosion resistance and hot formability.

• AZ31 with low calcium content(PE alloy) is widely used for magnesium photoengraving sheet.

• AZ61A and AZ80A has good strength and ductility

Chemical composition of Mg-Al based alloy and applications

Mechanical properties of Mg-Al based alloys

Mg-Zn based alloys • Essentially magnesium-zinc-zirconium (ZK) and

magnesium-zinc-thorium (ZH) casting alloys • Zirconium is added for grain refinement so increases

the mechanical properties • Zn controlling is important as it causes

microporosity and hot cracks so Thorium and rare-earth metal is added with effect on mechanical properties

• ZK51A, ZK61A,the highest tensile strength and ductility of any Mg casting alloy

ZH62A-T5 Lamellar form of Eutectic Mg-Th-Zn

Mg rich solid solution

Compound of Mn-Th-Zn

Chemical composition, application and mechanical properties of Mg-Zn based alloy

Magnesium-Rare Earth-based alloys • Includes of magnesium-rare earth-zirconium(EK), magnesium-

rare earth-zinc• By addition of rare earth elements we get improvement in

elevated- temperature properties • So these alloys are suitable for use up to 480˚C

Alloy EZ33A-T5 sand casing

Mg –E compound

Mg rich solid solution

Magnesium-thorium-based Alloys • Includes magnesium-thorium-zirconium(HK)

and magnesium-thorium-zinc(HZ)• Improved elevated temperature properties• HK31A- short-time elevated temperature under

high stress• HZ32A –long-time lower stress applications

High temperature Magnesium casting alloys

•Primarily used for aerospace applications due to light weight (major consideration)

•Application range 200-250oC with tensile strength ~240MPa

• Mg-Ag-RE alloys

•QE22-has been used for aerospace applications, i.e., landing wheels, gear box housings.

• Mg-Y-RE alloys

• WE43-has been developed for improved elevated temperature tensile properties.

• Mg-Ag-Th-RE-Zr alloys

Forging of Mg alloys Advantages of forged magnesium components compared to commonly used die cast magnesium parts:

• Excellent strength, especially with the fibres lying parallel to the main load direction.

• Very good properties for pressure-sealed components because of a forging process in preventing a porous microstructure

Drop-forged gearbox cover for a helicopter

Joining of magnesium alloys • Arc welding ( TIG, MIG )• Laser beam welding • Electron beam welding • Diffusion welding • Friction welding • Spot welding

Engineering design with Magnesium alloys • Advantage Ability to die cast at high productivity rate Good creep resistance High damping capacity due to ability to absorb energy elastically High thermal conductivity permitting rapid heat dissipation Good machinability Easily gas-shield arc-welded

•Disadvantage

High tendency to galvanic corrosion with dissimilar metals or electrolyte.Difficult to deform by cold working

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