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Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
Alexandria University 2013
Supervisors -Prof Dr Samir Deghedy Erfan -Dr Mohamed S El Habrouk
2
Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details Summary
Outlines
3
Project goal
4
Control systems
5
AVR microcontroller
Microcontrollers
6
Arduino microcontroller
Microcontrollers
7
IOIO
Microcontrollers
8
Lead Acid Battery
Battery charging
9
A battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the engine
A battery also supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicles electrical load exceeds the supply from the charging system
Lead Acid Battery
10
Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system
An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy
Low Cost
Lead Acid Battery
How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of
five basic components
o 1 A resilient Plastic container
o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead
11
How a Battery is Made
o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material
o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid
o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers
12
How a Battery is Made
A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells
The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity
Each cell has 21 V
So the total will be 126 V
13
How a Battery is Made
The lead terminals or posts are welded on
The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached
14
15
At Discharging
Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e
Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus
4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid
Reaction inside the battery
16
The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +
2H2O(l)
Reaction inside the battery
17
At Charging
Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus
4(aq)
Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus
4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e
Reaction inside the battery
18
Alternator forces electrons back into the battery
Amount of water decreases in electrolyte
Amount of acid increases in electrolyte
Reaction inside the battery
19
We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V
The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V
Reaction inside the battery
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
2
Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details Summary
Outlines
3
Project goal
4
Control systems
5
AVR microcontroller
Microcontrollers
6
Arduino microcontroller
Microcontrollers
7
IOIO
Microcontrollers
8
Lead Acid Battery
Battery charging
9
A battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the engine
A battery also supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicles electrical load exceeds the supply from the charging system
Lead Acid Battery
10
Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system
An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy
Low Cost
Lead Acid Battery
How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of
five basic components
o 1 A resilient Plastic container
o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead
11
How a Battery is Made
o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material
o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid
o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers
12
How a Battery is Made
A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells
The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity
Each cell has 21 V
So the total will be 126 V
13
How a Battery is Made
The lead terminals or posts are welded on
The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached
14
15
At Discharging
Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e
Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus
4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid
Reaction inside the battery
16
The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +
2H2O(l)
Reaction inside the battery
17
At Charging
Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus
4(aq)
Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus
4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e
Reaction inside the battery
18
Alternator forces electrons back into the battery
Amount of water decreases in electrolyte
Amount of acid increases in electrolyte
Reaction inside the battery
19
We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V
The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V
Reaction inside the battery
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
3
Project goal
4
Control systems
5
AVR microcontroller
Microcontrollers
6
Arduino microcontroller
Microcontrollers
7
IOIO
Microcontrollers
8
Lead Acid Battery
Battery charging
9
A battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the engine
A battery also supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicles electrical load exceeds the supply from the charging system
Lead Acid Battery
10
Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system
An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy
Low Cost
Lead Acid Battery
How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of
five basic components
o 1 A resilient Plastic container
o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead
11
How a Battery is Made
o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material
o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid
o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers
12
How a Battery is Made
A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells
The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity
Each cell has 21 V
So the total will be 126 V
13
How a Battery is Made
The lead terminals or posts are welded on
The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached
14
15
At Discharging
Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e
Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus
4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid
Reaction inside the battery
16
The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +
2H2O(l)
Reaction inside the battery
17
At Charging
Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus
4(aq)
Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus
4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e
Reaction inside the battery
18
Alternator forces electrons back into the battery
Amount of water decreases in electrolyte
Amount of acid increases in electrolyte
Reaction inside the battery
19
We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V
The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V
Reaction inside the battery
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
4
Control systems
5
AVR microcontroller
Microcontrollers
6
Arduino microcontroller
Microcontrollers
7
IOIO
Microcontrollers
8
Lead Acid Battery
Battery charging
9
A battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the engine
A battery also supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicles electrical load exceeds the supply from the charging system
Lead Acid Battery
10
Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system
An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy
Low Cost
Lead Acid Battery
How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of
five basic components
o 1 A resilient Plastic container
o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead
11
How a Battery is Made
o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material
o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid
o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers
12
How a Battery is Made
A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells
The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity
Each cell has 21 V
So the total will be 126 V
13
How a Battery is Made
The lead terminals or posts are welded on
The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached
14
15
At Discharging
Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e
Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus
4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid
Reaction inside the battery
16
The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +
2H2O(l)
Reaction inside the battery
17
At Charging
Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus
4(aq)
Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus
4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e
Reaction inside the battery
18
Alternator forces electrons back into the battery
Amount of water decreases in electrolyte
Amount of acid increases in electrolyte
Reaction inside the battery
19
We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V
The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V
Reaction inside the battery
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
5
AVR microcontroller
Microcontrollers
6
Arduino microcontroller
Microcontrollers
7
IOIO
Microcontrollers
8
Lead Acid Battery
Battery charging
9
A battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the engine
A battery also supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicles electrical load exceeds the supply from the charging system
Lead Acid Battery
10
Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system
An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy
Low Cost
Lead Acid Battery
How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of
five basic components
o 1 A resilient Plastic container
o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead
11
How a Battery is Made
o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material
o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid
o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers
12
How a Battery is Made
A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells
The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity
Each cell has 21 V
So the total will be 126 V
13
How a Battery is Made
The lead terminals or posts are welded on
The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached
14
15
At Discharging
Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e
Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus
4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid
Reaction inside the battery
16
The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +
2H2O(l)
Reaction inside the battery
17
At Charging
Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus
4(aq)
Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus
4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e
Reaction inside the battery
18
Alternator forces electrons back into the battery
Amount of water decreases in electrolyte
Amount of acid increases in electrolyte
Reaction inside the battery
19
We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V
The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V
Reaction inside the battery
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
6
Arduino microcontroller
Microcontrollers
7
IOIO
Microcontrollers
8
Lead Acid Battery
Battery charging
9
A battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the engine
A battery also supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicles electrical load exceeds the supply from the charging system
Lead Acid Battery
10
Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system
An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy
Low Cost
Lead Acid Battery
How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of
five basic components
o 1 A resilient Plastic container
o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead
11
How a Battery is Made
o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material
o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid
o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers
12
How a Battery is Made
A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells
The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity
Each cell has 21 V
So the total will be 126 V
13
How a Battery is Made
The lead terminals or posts are welded on
The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached
14
15
At Discharging
Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e
Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus
4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid
Reaction inside the battery
16
The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +
2H2O(l)
Reaction inside the battery
17
At Charging
Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus
4(aq)
Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus
4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e
Reaction inside the battery
18
Alternator forces electrons back into the battery
Amount of water decreases in electrolyte
Amount of acid increases in electrolyte
Reaction inside the battery
19
We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V
The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V
Reaction inside the battery
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
7
IOIO
Microcontrollers
8
Lead Acid Battery
Battery charging
9
A battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the engine
A battery also supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicles electrical load exceeds the supply from the charging system
Lead Acid Battery
10
Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system
An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy
Low Cost
Lead Acid Battery
How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of
five basic components
o 1 A resilient Plastic container
o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead
11
How a Battery is Made
o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material
o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid
o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers
12
How a Battery is Made
A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells
The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity
Each cell has 21 V
So the total will be 126 V
13
How a Battery is Made
The lead terminals or posts are welded on
The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached
14
15
At Discharging
Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e
Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus
4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid
Reaction inside the battery
16
The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +
2H2O(l)
Reaction inside the battery
17
At Charging
Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus
4(aq)
Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus
4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e
Reaction inside the battery
18
Alternator forces electrons back into the battery
Amount of water decreases in electrolyte
Amount of acid increases in electrolyte
Reaction inside the battery
19
We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V
The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V
Reaction inside the battery
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
8
Lead Acid Battery
Battery charging
9
A battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the engine
A battery also supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicles electrical load exceeds the supply from the charging system
Lead Acid Battery
10
Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system
An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy
Low Cost
Lead Acid Battery
How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of
five basic components
o 1 A resilient Plastic container
o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead
11
How a Battery is Made
o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material
o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid
o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers
12
How a Battery is Made
A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells
The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity
Each cell has 21 V
So the total will be 126 V
13
How a Battery is Made
The lead terminals or posts are welded on
The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached
14
15
At Discharging
Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e
Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus
4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid
Reaction inside the battery
16
The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +
2H2O(l)
Reaction inside the battery
17
At Charging
Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus
4(aq)
Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus
4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e
Reaction inside the battery
18
Alternator forces electrons back into the battery
Amount of water decreases in electrolyte
Amount of acid increases in electrolyte
Reaction inside the battery
19
We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V
The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V
Reaction inside the battery
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
9
A battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the engine
A battery also supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicles electrical load exceeds the supply from the charging system
Lead Acid Battery
10
Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system
An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy
Low Cost
Lead Acid Battery
How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of
five basic components
o 1 A resilient Plastic container
o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead
11
How a Battery is Made
o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material
o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid
o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers
12
How a Battery is Made
A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells
The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity
Each cell has 21 V
So the total will be 126 V
13
How a Battery is Made
The lead terminals or posts are welded on
The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached
14
15
At Discharging
Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e
Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus
4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid
Reaction inside the battery
16
The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +
2H2O(l)
Reaction inside the battery
17
At Charging
Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus
4(aq)
Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus
4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e
Reaction inside the battery
18
Alternator forces electrons back into the battery
Amount of water decreases in electrolyte
Amount of acid increases in electrolyte
Reaction inside the battery
19
We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V
The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V
Reaction inside the battery
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
10
Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system
An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy
Low Cost
Lead Acid Battery
How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of
five basic components
o 1 A resilient Plastic container
o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead
11
How a Battery is Made
o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material
o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid
o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers
12
How a Battery is Made
A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells
The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity
Each cell has 21 V
So the total will be 126 V
13
How a Battery is Made
The lead terminals or posts are welded on
The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached
14
15
At Discharging
Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e
Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus
4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid
Reaction inside the battery
16
The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +
2H2O(l)
Reaction inside the battery
17
At Charging
Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus
4(aq)
Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus
4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e
Reaction inside the battery
18
Alternator forces electrons back into the battery
Amount of water decreases in electrolyte
Amount of acid increases in electrolyte
Reaction inside the battery
19
We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V
The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V
Reaction inside the battery
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of
five basic components
o 1 A resilient Plastic container
o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead
11
How a Battery is Made
o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material
o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid
o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers
12
How a Battery is Made
A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells
The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity
Each cell has 21 V
So the total will be 126 V
13
How a Battery is Made
The lead terminals or posts are welded on
The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached
14
15
At Discharging
Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e
Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus
4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid
Reaction inside the battery
16
The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +
2H2O(l)
Reaction inside the battery
17
At Charging
Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus
4(aq)
Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus
4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e
Reaction inside the battery
18
Alternator forces electrons back into the battery
Amount of water decreases in electrolyte
Amount of acid increases in electrolyte
Reaction inside the battery
19
We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V
The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V
Reaction inside the battery
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
How a Battery is Made
o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material
o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid
o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers
12
How a Battery is Made
A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells
The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity
Each cell has 21 V
So the total will be 126 V
13
How a Battery is Made
The lead terminals or posts are welded on
The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached
14
15
At Discharging
Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e
Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus
4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid
Reaction inside the battery
16
The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +
2H2O(l)
Reaction inside the battery
17
At Charging
Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus
4(aq)
Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus
4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e
Reaction inside the battery
18
Alternator forces electrons back into the battery
Amount of water decreases in electrolyte
Amount of acid increases in electrolyte
Reaction inside the battery
19
We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V
The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V
Reaction inside the battery
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
How a Battery is Made
A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells
The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity
Each cell has 21 V
So the total will be 126 V
13
How a Battery is Made
The lead terminals or posts are welded on
The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached
14
15
At Discharging
Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e
Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus
4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid
Reaction inside the battery
16
The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +
2H2O(l)
Reaction inside the battery
17
At Charging
Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus
4(aq)
Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus
4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e
Reaction inside the battery
18
Alternator forces electrons back into the battery
Amount of water decreases in electrolyte
Amount of acid increases in electrolyte
Reaction inside the battery
19
We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V
The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V
Reaction inside the battery
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
How a Battery is Made
The lead terminals or posts are welded on
The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached
14
15
At Discharging
Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e
Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus
4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid
Reaction inside the battery
16
The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +
2H2O(l)
Reaction inside the battery
17
At Charging
Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus
4(aq)
Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus
4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e
Reaction inside the battery
18
Alternator forces electrons back into the battery
Amount of water decreases in electrolyte
Amount of acid increases in electrolyte
Reaction inside the battery
19
We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V
The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V
Reaction inside the battery
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
15
At Discharging
Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e
Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus
4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid
Reaction inside the battery
16
The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +
2H2O(l)
Reaction inside the battery
17
At Charging
Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus
4(aq)
Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus
4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e
Reaction inside the battery
18
Alternator forces electrons back into the battery
Amount of water decreases in electrolyte
Amount of acid increases in electrolyte
Reaction inside the battery
19
We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V
The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V
Reaction inside the battery
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
16
The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +
2H2O(l)
Reaction inside the battery
17
At Charging
Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus
4(aq)
Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus
4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e
Reaction inside the battery
18
Alternator forces electrons back into the battery
Amount of water decreases in electrolyte
Amount of acid increases in electrolyte
Reaction inside the battery
19
We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V
The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V
Reaction inside the battery
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
17
At Charging
Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus
4(aq)
Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus
4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e
Reaction inside the battery
18
Alternator forces electrons back into the battery
Amount of water decreases in electrolyte
Amount of acid increases in electrolyte
Reaction inside the battery
19
We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V
The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V
Reaction inside the battery
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
18
Alternator forces electrons back into the battery
Amount of water decreases in electrolyte
Amount of acid increases in electrolyte
Reaction inside the battery
19
We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V
The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V
Reaction inside the battery
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
19
We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V
The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V
Reaction inside the battery
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
20
1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo
A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water
Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls
Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery
Measuring The Battery
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
21
By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water
The specific gravity of water is 1000
Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835
The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a
specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy
Measuring The Battery
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
22
Measuring The Battery
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
23
2 The batterys open circuit voltage
used to gauge the state of charge
These are general voltage ranges per cell
Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V
Open-circuit at full discharge 195V
Loaded at full discharge 175V
Measuring The Battery
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
24
Charging period consist of 3 stage
Constant Current Charge
Topping Charge
Float Charge
Charging Lead Acid
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
25
Charging Lead Acid
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
26
An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
Alternator
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
27
Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet
produce flux
Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF
Produce AC voltage
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
28
Automotive Alternator
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
29
Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet
So we can control the magnetic field strength
So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed
Automotive Alternator
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
30
Consist of three main components
Battery
Alternator
Regulator
Charging System
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
31
Charging Circuit
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
32
The alternators regulator is its brain
There is two type
Build-in Regulator
External Regulator
Alternator Regulator
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
33
To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter
By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant
Charging System Design
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
34
DC-to-DC converter
The inverting topology
Buck-boost converter
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
35
Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the
possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current
Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations
Buck mode Boost mode
Designing Buck-boost converter
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
36
Buck mode Boost mode
Where
Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40
Fsw Switching Frequency
Designing Buck-boost converter
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
37
So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz
So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage
Designing Buck-boost converter
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
38
Flow Chart
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
39
IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate
VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)
MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Automatic Control of Air Conditioning
Systems
Using Microcontroller
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat
Introduction
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Sources of heat enter the vehicle
Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing
Pressure amp temperature relationship
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Boiling Point of water
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
The ozone layer
Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Historical informationR134a properties
R134a Properties
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and
sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator
Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine
crankshaft to the compressor
Components of automotive air conditioner
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Condenser
The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air
R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser
Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air
The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor
Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)
Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system
Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant
PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants
Lubrication
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting
Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser
This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system
Foam seals
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller
grilles or bumper
Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture
Condenser electric fan
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
The function of the accumulator Operation
Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches
Low pressure High pressure
Protection Devices
Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Benefits of using the pressure transducer
protect switches that have a low currentRelay
Pressure Transducer
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)
indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor
Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature
Sensors
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)
ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat
ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)
Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Flow chart
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp
b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a
C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure
Components of Model
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Simulation
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make
a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling
Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will
escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point
2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright
3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container
Refrigerant Safety
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
ABS braking system
62
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error
These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles
Why we use ABS
63
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
64
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars
From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and
available on entry-level cars
History of ABS
65
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel
Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
66
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road
What is ABS
67
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes
When the wheel lock up
68
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo
Operating principles of ABS
69
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
70
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS
Types of ABShellip
71
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Speed sensors
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
ABS components
72
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU
Speed sensors(hall effect)
73
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Speed sensors cont
74
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)
75
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate
representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration
Continue
76
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Speed sensor
77
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up
It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure
The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)
Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
78
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
start
If pedal==1If S3gt=30
Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses
S1=m1T0S2=m2T0
S3=(S2-S1)S2100
Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1
Pump==0
If s3lt=10
Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0
Pump==1
End
Flowchart
79
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Simulation
80
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
it consists of Valves Pump reservoir
Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
81
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions
The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve
The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve
The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve
valves
82
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line
The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit
HCU continue
83
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Fluid cycle in ABS
1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)
84
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
85
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
86
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
87
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Problem of operating
88
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes
Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance
save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle
Advantages of ABS
89
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise
ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix
Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems
Disadvantages of ABS
90
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
91
Steer by Wire
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
92
The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows
Introduction
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
93
bull The steering mechanism
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
94
Steering parts
Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
95
Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
96
2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
97
Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
98
Steer by Wire(SBW)
Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
99
Components and control algorithm
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too
100
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Flow chart
101
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Proteus simulation
102
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System
103
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
External lighting
104
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights
External lighting
105
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention
External lights colors
106
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Benefits of External lights
107
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
108
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Model
109
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Flowchart
110
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
INTERIOR LIGHTING
111
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
LED vs tungsten
112
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection
113
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Flow chart
114
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Voltage profile on LED during process
115
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Power Window
116
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Mechanism
117
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on
Stopping conditions
Operation description
118
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Flow chart
119
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Moving the motor right and left
Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass
Main objectives
120
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications
H-Bridge
121
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge
MOSFITS are the best
Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings
H-Bridge
122
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
MOSFET
123
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)
MOSFET
124
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
VG S lt v t h for off-state
VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state
How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
125
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
To provide enough voltage for firing
For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit
Optocoupler
126
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Optocoupler
127
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
T=KI
Series resistor with the motor
Comparator device
Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor
Motor current sensing for overload condition
128
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
If v2gtv1
So vout is near of +v
If v1gtv2
So vout is near of -v
The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off
Comparator
129
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Comparator
130
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Starting current
131
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Flowchart
132
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
AVR AT-mega 16
Practical Circuit components
133
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Two 4N25 opto-couplers
Practical Circuit components
134
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Four IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
135
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
One 741 op-amp _comparator
Practical Circuit components
136
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing
Practical Circuit components
137
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Simulation circuit
138
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Our design
139
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Mirrors
140
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Importance of mirrors
Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2
to move left
Mirrors
141
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language
Arduino mega 2560
142
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Flow chart
143
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
why servo motor
servo motor
144
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Simulation
145
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Wipers
146
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers
Development of wipers
147
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Manual Control
Automatic Control
Operation Description
148
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
AVR ATmega 16
Practical Circuit components
149
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
4N25 optocoupler
Practical Circuit components
150
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
IRF540 MOSFET
Practical Circuit components
151
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Flow chart
152
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
153
Simulation
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Using PWM technique
Control of wipers speed
154
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Central lock
155
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Benefits of central lock
156
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs
Practical Circuit components
157
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Flow chart
158
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Operation Description
159
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors
160
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Introduction
Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008
161
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Interface
Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects
162
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Hardware Internal hardware
such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions
163
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
164
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Development boards
165
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Android ADK
Accessory Development Kit
Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications
Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations
166
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Arduino ADK is based on Arduino
Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$
we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program
167
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
SparkFun IOIO
the cheapest it only costs 40$
the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code
168
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
IOIO Specs
Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied
designed to work with your Android 15 and later device
Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO
169
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
EAGLE DRIVE
have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile
Control engine starting
Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle
170
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Software Description
android application based on minimum API level 10 which
The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it
171
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Main Screen
The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button
172
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly
designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels
It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level
173
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Flowchart
Start
Get Seek bar
progress
Set PWM to
attached pin
END
174
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Mode 2 (Lights)
This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights
175
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Flowchart
176
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Mode 3 (Starting)
This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button
177
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is
designed for checking the car states
check the speed the ABS system check engine and
lights
178
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
179
Flowchart
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Sensors
Types Hardware-based
sensors Software-based
sensors
180
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Hardware-based sensors
Physical components built into a handset or tablet device
They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change
181
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Software-based sensors
Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors
Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors
Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor
182
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Accelerometer sensor
Type Hardware Measures the
acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity
Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)
183
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Mode 5 (Drive)
This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly
184
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Drive
It mainly consists of a single text view
It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo
185
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
Flowchart
186
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
187
Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details
188
188
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