Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car

Alexandria University 2013

Supervisors -Prof Dr Samir Deghedy Erfan -Dr Mohamed S El Habrouk

2

Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details Summary

Outlines

3

Project goal

4

Control systems

5

AVR microcontroller

Microcontrollers

6

Arduino microcontroller

Microcontrollers

7

IOIO

Microcontrollers

8

Lead Acid Battery

Battery charging

9

A battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the engine

A battery also supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicles electrical load exceeds the supply from the charging system

Lead Acid Battery

10

Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system

An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy

Low Cost

Lead Acid Battery

How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of

five basic components

o 1 A resilient Plastic container

o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead

11

How a Battery is Made

o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material

o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid

o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers

12

How a Battery is Made

A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells

The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity

Each cell has 21 V

So the total will be 126 V

13

How a Battery is Made

The lead terminals or posts are welded on

The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached

14

15

At Discharging

Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e

Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus

4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid

Reaction inside the battery

16

The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +

2H2O(l)

Reaction inside the battery

17

At Charging

Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus

4(aq)

Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus

4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e

Reaction inside the battery

18

Alternator forces electrons back into the battery

Amount of water decreases in electrolyte

Amount of acid increases in electrolyte

Reaction inside the battery

19

We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V

The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V

Reaction inside the battery

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

2

Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details Summary

Outlines

3

Project goal

4

Control systems

5

AVR microcontroller

Microcontrollers

6

Arduino microcontroller

Microcontrollers

7

IOIO

Microcontrollers

8

Lead Acid Battery

Battery charging

9

A battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the engine

A battery also supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicles electrical load exceeds the supply from the charging system

Lead Acid Battery

10

Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system

An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy

Low Cost

Lead Acid Battery

How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of

five basic components

o 1 A resilient Plastic container

o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead

11

How a Battery is Made

o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material

o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid

o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers

12

How a Battery is Made

A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells

The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity

Each cell has 21 V

So the total will be 126 V

13

How a Battery is Made

The lead terminals or posts are welded on

The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached

14

15

At Discharging

Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e

Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus

4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid

Reaction inside the battery

16

The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +

2H2O(l)

Reaction inside the battery

17

At Charging

Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus

4(aq)

Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus

4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e

Reaction inside the battery

18

Alternator forces electrons back into the battery

Amount of water decreases in electrolyte

Amount of acid increases in electrolyte

Reaction inside the battery

19

We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V

The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V

Reaction inside the battery

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

3

Project goal

4

Control systems

5

AVR microcontroller

Microcontrollers

6

Arduino microcontroller

Microcontrollers

7

IOIO

Microcontrollers

8

Lead Acid Battery

Battery charging

9

A battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the engine

A battery also supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicles electrical load exceeds the supply from the charging system

Lead Acid Battery

10

Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system

An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy

Low Cost

Lead Acid Battery

How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of

five basic components

o 1 A resilient Plastic container

o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead

11

How a Battery is Made

o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material

o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid

o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers

12

How a Battery is Made

A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells

The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity

Each cell has 21 V

So the total will be 126 V

13

How a Battery is Made

The lead terminals or posts are welded on

The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached

14

15

At Discharging

Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e

Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus

4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid

Reaction inside the battery

16

The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +

2H2O(l)

Reaction inside the battery

17

At Charging

Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus

4(aq)

Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus

4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e

Reaction inside the battery

18

Alternator forces electrons back into the battery

Amount of water decreases in electrolyte

Amount of acid increases in electrolyte

Reaction inside the battery

19

We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V

The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V

Reaction inside the battery

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

4

Control systems

5

AVR microcontroller

Microcontrollers

6

Arduino microcontroller

Microcontrollers

7

IOIO

Microcontrollers

8

Lead Acid Battery

Battery charging

9

A battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the engine

A battery also supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicles electrical load exceeds the supply from the charging system

Lead Acid Battery

10

Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system

An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy

Low Cost

Lead Acid Battery

How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of

five basic components

o 1 A resilient Plastic container

o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead

11

How a Battery is Made

o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material

o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid

o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers

12

How a Battery is Made

A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells

The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity

Each cell has 21 V

So the total will be 126 V

13

How a Battery is Made

The lead terminals or posts are welded on

The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached

14

15

At Discharging

Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e

Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus

4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid

Reaction inside the battery

16

The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +

2H2O(l)

Reaction inside the battery

17

At Charging

Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus

4(aq)

Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus

4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e

Reaction inside the battery

18

Alternator forces electrons back into the battery

Amount of water decreases in electrolyte

Amount of acid increases in electrolyte

Reaction inside the battery

19

We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V

The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V

Reaction inside the battery

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

5

AVR microcontroller

Microcontrollers

6

Arduino microcontroller

Microcontrollers

7

IOIO

Microcontrollers

8

Lead Acid Battery

Battery charging

9

A battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the engine

A battery also supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicles electrical load exceeds the supply from the charging system

Lead Acid Battery

10

Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system

An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy

Low Cost

Lead Acid Battery

How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of

five basic components

o 1 A resilient Plastic container

o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead

11

How a Battery is Made

o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material

o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid

o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers

12

How a Battery is Made

A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells

The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity

Each cell has 21 V

So the total will be 126 V

13

How a Battery is Made

The lead terminals or posts are welded on

The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached

14

15

At Discharging

Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e

Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus

4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid

Reaction inside the battery

16

The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +

2H2O(l)

Reaction inside the battery

17

At Charging

Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus

4(aq)

Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus

4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e

Reaction inside the battery

18

Alternator forces electrons back into the battery

Amount of water decreases in electrolyte

Amount of acid increases in electrolyte

Reaction inside the battery

19

We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V

The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V

Reaction inside the battery

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

6

Arduino microcontroller

Microcontrollers

7

IOIO

Microcontrollers

8

Lead Acid Battery

Battery charging

9

A battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the engine

A battery also supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicles electrical load exceeds the supply from the charging system

Lead Acid Battery

10

Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system

An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy

Low Cost

Lead Acid Battery

How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of

five basic components

o 1 A resilient Plastic container

o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead

11

How a Battery is Made

o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material

o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid

o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers

12

How a Battery is Made

A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells

The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity

Each cell has 21 V

So the total will be 126 V

13

How a Battery is Made

The lead terminals or posts are welded on

The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached

14

15

At Discharging

Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e

Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus

4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid

Reaction inside the battery

16

The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +

2H2O(l)

Reaction inside the battery

17

At Charging

Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus

4(aq)

Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus

4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e

Reaction inside the battery

18

Alternator forces electrons back into the battery

Amount of water decreases in electrolyte

Amount of acid increases in electrolyte

Reaction inside the battery

19

We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V

The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V

Reaction inside the battery

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

7

IOIO

Microcontrollers

8

Lead Acid Battery

Battery charging

9

A battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the engine

A battery also supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicles electrical load exceeds the supply from the charging system

Lead Acid Battery

10

Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system

An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy

Low Cost

Lead Acid Battery

How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of

five basic components

o 1 A resilient Plastic container

o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead

11

How a Battery is Made

o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material

o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid

o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers

12

How a Battery is Made

A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells

The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity

Each cell has 21 V

So the total will be 126 V

13

How a Battery is Made

The lead terminals or posts are welded on

The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached

14

15

At Discharging

Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e

Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus

4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid

Reaction inside the battery

16

The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +

2H2O(l)

Reaction inside the battery

17

At Charging

Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus

4(aq)

Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus

4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e

Reaction inside the battery

18

Alternator forces electrons back into the battery

Amount of water decreases in electrolyte

Amount of acid increases in electrolyte

Reaction inside the battery

19

We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V

The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V

Reaction inside the battery

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

8

Lead Acid Battery

Battery charging

9

A battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the engine

A battery also supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicles electrical load exceeds the supply from the charging system

Lead Acid Battery

10

Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system

An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy

Low Cost

Lead Acid Battery

How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of

five basic components

o 1 A resilient Plastic container

o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead

11

How a Battery is Made

o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material

o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid

o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers

12

How a Battery is Made

A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells

The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity

Each cell has 21 V

So the total will be 126 V

13

How a Battery is Made

The lead terminals or posts are welded on

The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached

14

15

At Discharging

Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e

Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus

4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid

Reaction inside the battery

16

The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +

2H2O(l)

Reaction inside the battery

17

At Charging

Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus

4(aq)

Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus

4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e

Reaction inside the battery

18

Alternator forces electrons back into the battery

Amount of water decreases in electrolyte

Amount of acid increases in electrolyte

Reaction inside the battery

19

We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V

The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V

Reaction inside the battery

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

9

A battery supplies power to the starter and ignition system to start the engine

A battery also supplies the extra power necessary when the vehicles electrical load exceeds the supply from the charging system

Lead Acid Battery

10

Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system

An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy

Low Cost

Lead Acid Battery

How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of

five basic components

o 1 A resilient Plastic container

o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead

11

How a Battery is Made

o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material

o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid

o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers

12

How a Battery is Made

A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells

The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity

Each cell has 21 V

So the total will be 126 V

13

How a Battery is Made

The lead terminals or posts are welded on

The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached

14

15

At Discharging

Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e

Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus

4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid

Reaction inside the battery

16

The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +

2H2O(l)

Reaction inside the battery

17

At Charging

Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus

4(aq)

Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus

4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e

Reaction inside the battery

18

Alternator forces electrons back into the battery

Amount of water decreases in electrolyte

Amount of acid increases in electrolyte

Reaction inside the battery

19

We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V

The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V

Reaction inside the battery

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

10

Automotive batteries acts as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system

An automotive battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy

Low Cost

Lead Acid Battery

How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of

five basic components

o 1 A resilient Plastic container

o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead

11

How a Battery is Made

o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material

o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid

o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers

12

How a Battery is Made

A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells

The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity

Each cell has 21 V

So the total will be 126 V

13

How a Battery is Made

The lead terminals or posts are welded on

The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached

14

15

At Discharging

Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e

Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus

4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid

Reaction inside the battery

16

The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +

2H2O(l)

Reaction inside the battery

17

At Charging

Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus

4(aq)

Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus

4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e

Reaction inside the battery

18

Alternator forces electrons back into the battery

Amount of water decreases in electrolyte

Amount of acid increases in electrolyte

Reaction inside the battery

19

We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V

The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V

Reaction inside the battery

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

How a Battery is Made Batteries are made of

five basic components

o 1 A resilient Plastic container

o 2 Positive and negative internal plates made of lead

11

How a Battery is Made

o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material

o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid

o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers

12

How a Battery is Made

A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells

The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity

Each cell has 21 V

So the total will be 126 V

13

How a Battery is Made

The lead terminals or posts are welded on

The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached

14

15

At Discharging

Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e

Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus

4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid

Reaction inside the battery

16

The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +

2H2O(l)

Reaction inside the battery

17

At Charging

Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus

4(aq)

Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus

4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e

Reaction inside the battery

18

Alternator forces electrons back into the battery

Amount of water decreases in electrolyte

Amount of acid increases in electrolyte

Reaction inside the battery

19

We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V

The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V

Reaction inside the battery

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

How a Battery is Made

o 3 Plate separators made of porous synthetic material

o 4 Electrolyte a dilute solution of ~ 36 sulfuric acid and ~ 64 water better known as battery acid

o 5 Lead terminals the connection point between the battery and whatever it powers

12

How a Battery is Made

A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells

The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity

Each cell has 21 V

So the total will be 126 V

13

How a Battery is Made

The lead terminals or posts are welded on

The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached

14

15

At Discharging

Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e

Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus

4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid

Reaction inside the battery

16

The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +

2H2O(l)

Reaction inside the battery

17

At Charging

Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus

4(aq)

Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus

4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e

Reaction inside the battery

18

Alternator forces electrons back into the battery

Amount of water decreases in electrolyte

Amount of acid increases in electrolyte

Reaction inside the battery

19

We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V

The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V

Reaction inside the battery

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

How a Battery is Made

A typical 12-volt car battery case is divided into six sections or cells

The cells are connected with a metal that conducts electricity

Each cell has 21 V

So the total will be 126 V

13

How a Battery is Made

The lead terminals or posts are welded on

The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached

14

15

At Discharging

Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e

Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus

4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid

Reaction inside the battery

16

The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +

2H2O(l)

Reaction inside the battery

17

At Charging

Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus

4(aq)

Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus

4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e

Reaction inside the battery

18

Alternator forces electrons back into the battery

Amount of water decreases in electrolyte

Amount of acid increases in electrolyte

Reaction inside the battery

19

We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V

The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V

Reaction inside the battery

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

How a Battery is Made

The lead terminals or posts are welded on

The battery is then filled with electrolyte - or battery acid - a mixture of sulfuric acid and water and the cover is attached

14

15

At Discharging

Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e

Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus

4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid

Reaction inside the battery

16

The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +

2H2O(l)

Reaction inside the battery

17

At Charging

Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus

4(aq)

Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus

4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e

Reaction inside the battery

18

Alternator forces electrons back into the battery

Amount of water decreases in electrolyte

Amount of acid increases in electrolyte

Reaction inside the battery

19

We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V

The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V

Reaction inside the battery

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

15

At Discharging

Negative plate reaction (Anode Reaction) Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) rarr PbSO4(s) + H(aq) + 2e

Positive plate reaction (Cathode Reaction) PbO2(s) + H2SOminus

4 (aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e rarr PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

(S) refers to solid (aq) refers to acquisition (l) refers to liquid

Reaction inside the battery

16

The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +

2H2O(l)

Reaction inside the battery

17

At Charging

Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus

4(aq)

Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus

4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e

Reaction inside the battery

18

Alternator forces electrons back into the battery

Amount of water decreases in electrolyte

Amount of acid increases in electrolyte

Reaction inside the battery

19

We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V

The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V

Reaction inside the battery

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

16

The total reaction can be written Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) rarr 2PbSO4(s) +

2H2O(l)

Reaction inside the battery

17

At Charging

Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus

4(aq)

Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus

4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e

Reaction inside the battery

18

Alternator forces electrons back into the battery

Amount of water decreases in electrolyte

Amount of acid increases in electrolyte

Reaction inside the battery

19

We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V

The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V

Reaction inside the battery

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

17

At Charging

Negative plate reaction PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2-e rarr Pb(s) + HSOminus

4(aq)

Positive plate reaction PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) rarr PbO2(s) + HSOminus

4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2-e

Reaction inside the battery

18

Alternator forces electrons back into the battery

Amount of water decreases in electrolyte

Amount of acid increases in electrolyte

Reaction inside the battery

19

We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V

The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V

Reaction inside the battery

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

18

Alternator forces electrons back into the battery

Amount of water decreases in electrolyte

Amount of acid increases in electrolyte

Reaction inside the battery

19

We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V

The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V

Reaction inside the battery

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

19

We find for the board voltage lead Pb equal to -038V

The voltage ocher palette PbO2 equal to 172V

Reaction inside the battery

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

20

1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ldquoSpecific gravity means exact weightrdquo

A Hydrometerldquo compares the exact weight of electrolyte with that of water

Some battery designs include a simple hydrometer using colored floating balls

Strong electrolyte in a charged battery is heavier than weak electrolyte in a discharged battery

Measuring The Battery

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

21

By weight the electrolyte in a fully charged battery is about 36 acid and 64 water

The specific gravity of water is 1000

Acid is 1835 times heavier than water so its specific gravity is 1835

The electrolyte mixture of water and acid has a

specific gravity of 1270 usually stated as twelve and seventy

Measuring The Battery

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

22

Measuring The Battery

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

23

2 The batterys open circuit voltage

used to gauge the state of charge

These are general voltage ranges per cell

Open-circuit (quiescent) at full charge 210V

Open-circuit at full discharge 195V

Loaded at full discharge 175V

Measuring The Battery

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

24

Charging period consist of 3 stage

Constant Current Charge

Topping Charge

Float Charge

Charging Lead Acid

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

25

Charging Lead Acid

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

26

An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Alternator

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

27

Principle Of Operation A rotating magnet

produce flux

Flux cutting the stator winding produce EMF

Produce AC voltage

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

28

Automotive Alternator

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

29

Rotating magnet is an electromagnet not a permanent magnet

So we can control the magnetic field strength

So output voltage may be controlled independently of rotor speed

Automotive Alternator

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

30

Consist of three main components

Battery

Alternator

Regulator

Charging System

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

31

Charging Circuit

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

32

The alternators regulator is its brain

There is two type

Build-in Regulator

External Regulator

Alternator Regulator

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

33

To make a voltage regulator or ldquosmart regulatorrdquo we will use Buck-Boost converter

By taking feedback from the battery and use it to keep the voltage constant

Charging System Design

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

34

DC-to-DC converter

The inverting topology

Buck-boost converter

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

35

Inductor selection The higher the inductor value the higher is the

possible maximum output current because of the reduced ripple current

Select the largest value of inductance calculated from equations

Buck mode Boost mode

Designing Buck-boost converter

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

36

Buck mode Boost mode

Where

Kind = estimated coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current A good estimation is from 20 to 40

Fsw Switching Frequency

Designing Buck-boost converter

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

37

So we will use L=1mH C=47uF Vin= 12V Vout=10 15 V Fsw= 50Khz

So we will use AVR microcontroller to generate PWM with frequency 50 KHz and controlling the duty cycle with potentiometer to change the output voltage

Designing Buck-boost converter

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

38

Flow Chart

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

39

IN = PWM from AVRHO= MOSFETrsquos gate

VB and VS connected together throw a capacitor and then connected to MOSFETrsquos source (Floating Point)

MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Automatic Control of Air Conditioning

Systems

Using Microcontroller

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Major functions for automotive air conditioner Nature of heat

Introduction

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Sources of heat enter the vehicle

Changes of statebull Evaporationbull Condensationbull freezing

Pressure amp temperature relationship

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Boiling Point of water

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

The ozone layer

Formed in Stratosphere Protecting the earths surface Harm of depletion of the ozone layer

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Historical informationR134a properties

R134a Properties

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

CompressorThe compressor puts the refrigerant under pressure and

sends it to the condensing coils in front of the radiator

Compressor ClutchThe clutch is used to transmit the power from the engine

crankshaft to the compressor

Components of automotive air conditioner

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Condenser

The Condenser function is to act as a heat exchanger and allow heat to flow from the hot refrigerant to the cooler outside air

R134a entering the condenser will be a high pressure high temperature vapor amp travels through the tubes of the condenser

Heat is given off to the cooler ambient air

The refrigerant vapor condenses and changes to a liquid state At this point a large amount of heat is given off by the R134a The refrigerant will now be a hot high pressure liquid

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Expansion Valve System High pressure side entering R134a to the compressor

Low pressure side entering R134a under low(Pressure amp Temp)

Heat transfer R134a in the Low pressure side is cold and hot at high pressure

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

R134a is part of the air conditioners lubrication system

Refrigerant oil is circulated around the AC system saturated in the refrigerant

PAOIL bull The best automotive compressor lubricantbull Used in all automotive what ever the brandbull Its a non- aggressivebull Safe oil that wont effect seals or hoses andbull compatible with other lubricants

Lubrication

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

These seals are fitted in between the condenser and radiator to prevent the heated ambient air from exiting

Heated air can be circulated back through the condenser

This increase the condenser temperature and causes reduction in the performances of the AC system

Foam seals

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Most vehicles use electric fan to assist air flow Also most modern vehicles now have smaller

grilles or bumper

Filter Drier Receiver Removing moisture

Condenser electric fan

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

The function of the accumulator Operation

Clutch diode Thermal protection switch Refrigerant Pressure Switches

Low pressure High pressure

Protection Devices

Accumulator (Orifice Tube System)

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Benefits of using the pressure transducer

protect switches that have a low currentRelay

Pressure Transducer

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Sun-load sensorDescription photochemical diode - dashboardFunction This sensor sends a signal to the (ECCM)

indicating the strength of the sunlight Ambient temperature sensor

Description depending on the ambient air temperatureFunction monitor the outside temperature

Sensors

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Now we can make a small embedded system to control the inside temperature of the vehicle Using microcontrollers (AC ECM)

ECM (Electronic Control Module) could be considered a microprocessorController to control the surrounding heat

ie Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR)

Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Flow chart

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

a- Microcontroller (AT-mega 8535) ADC for Temperature and Pressure ie temperature measured by lm35 EEPROM for saving temp

b- Sensors LM35 Indicating Average Interior Vehicle Temp Potentiometer Indicating Pressure of R134a

C- LCD Monitoring Temperature and pressure

Components of Model

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Simulation

>

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Leakage problems1 refrigerant change will cause system damage 2 Air and moisture can enter a system which make

a corrosion3 Compressor lubrication-cooling

Visual Leak Detection1 When a refrigerant leak occurs lubricant oil will

escape with the refrigerant indicating the leakage point

2 Ultraviolet fluorescent systembull Injected into ACbull passed over each component bull Glow bright

3 Electronic Detector Hearing Sound

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Precautions must be followed at leakage1 Always wear eye protection 2 wear gloves(frostbites)3 Avoid breathing R134a vapor4 Avoid Transfer R134a5 Avoid Heat Container

Refrigerant Safety

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

ABS braking system

62

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Accident statistics show that in 1999 alone 493527 accidents in Germany were caused by driver error

These accidents occur due to 1-driving on the wrong side of the road 2-inappropriate speed 3-insufficient distance from other vehicles

Why we use ABS

63

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

64

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

The first systems were introduced in the 1930rsquos but it took until the 1960rsquos1970rsquos only on top of the range prestigious cars

From the mid to late 1980rsquos Anti-lock Braking systems (ABS) became cheaper and

available on entry-level cars

History of ABS

65

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

The main braking system of a car works by hydraulics This means that when the driver presses the brake pedal liquid pressure forces pistons to apply brakes on each wheel

Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo

66

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

There is 2 types of friction 1-friction between wheel and brakes 2-friction between wheel and road

What is ABS

67

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

The wheel lock up whenhellip friction between wheel and road lt friction between wheel and brakes

When the wheel lock up

68

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

The difference in speed between vehicle body and wheel is expressed as a percentage and is called the lsquorsquo slip ratio rsquorsquo

Operating principles of ABS

69

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

70

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Four-channel four-sensor ABSThree-channel three-sensor ABSTwo-channel two-sensor ABSOne-channel one-sensor ABS

Types of ABShellip

71

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Speed sensors

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

ABS components

72

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

This detects individual wheel speeds and sends this information to the ABS ECU

Speed sensors(hall effect)

73

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Speed sensors cont

74

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Speed sensors(Deceleration sensor)

75

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

The deceleration sensor is a device that will give the control unit a more accurate

representation of the actual vehiclersquos deceleration

Continue

76

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Speed sensor

77

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

It Controls the entire system and monitors wheel speed and determines wheel lock up

It sends commands to the hydraulic actuator to reduce hold or increase the brake fluid pressure

The control has been done by AVR (ATMega8535)

Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo

78

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

start

If pedal==1If S3gt=30

Read T0==1SRead M==no of pulses

S1=m1T0S2=m2T0

S3=(S2-S1)S2100

Inlet valve==0Outlet valve==1

Pump==0

If s3lt=10

Inlet valve==1Outlet valve==0

Pump==1

End

Flowchart

79

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Simulation

80

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

it consists of Valves Pump reservoir

Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo

81

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

There two valves in the brake line per wheel the two valves have three positions

The pressure increases by opening the inlet valve and closing the outlet valve

The pressure is hold by closing the inlet and outlet valve

The pressure decreases by opening the outlet valve and closing the inlet valve

valves

82

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

The pump puts the pressure back after a valve reduces the pressure in a line

The reservoir is a temporary store for the excess brake fluid whilst it waits for the pump to remove the fluid from the circuit

HCU continue

83

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Fluid cycle in ABS

1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIVE)

84

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

85

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

86

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)

87

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Problem of operating

88

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Anti-locking the wheel at heavy brakes

Stopping the vehicle in shorter distance

save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle

Advantages of ABS

89

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Some times more distance for stopping than the desired distance due to noise

ABS can be expensive to maintain Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix

Its easy to cause a problem in an ABS because it is a accurate systems

Disadvantages of ABS

90

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

91

Steer by Wire

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

92

The steering system refers to the collection of components and linkages in a vehicle that allow the driver to dictate the path that the vehicle follows

Introduction

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

93

bull The steering mechanism

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

94

Steering parts

Steering WheelSteering ShaftSteering ColumnPinionRackInner ball joint or socketRubber bellowsTie-rod

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

95

Power assisted steering types1 Hydraulic Power Assist (HPAS) system

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

96

2 Electro-Hydraulic Power Assist Steering (EHPAS) System

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

97

Electric Power Assist Steering (EPS) System

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

98

Steer by Wire(SBW)

Steer by wire is the next generation of steering systems following hydraulic steering systems An electric motor is used directly to assist the driver

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

99

Components and control algorithm

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Benefits-Reduces the number of moving parts in a vehicle -This reduces weight -Increases operational accuracy -Less weight and better fuel efficiency and fewer emissions too

100

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Flow chart

101

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Proteus simulation

102

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

A look to the future1Automated Parking System2Vehicle Stability System3Lane Departure Warning System4Collision Avoidance System

103

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

External lighting

104

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

The external lights consists of front sides rear and in some cases top lights

External lighting

105

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

The colors of external lights largely standardized by longstanding convention

External lights colors

106

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Benefits of External lights

107

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

LEDs and lamps used in external lightning

108

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Model

109

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Flowchart

110

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

INTERIOR LIGHTING

111

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

LED vs tungsten

112

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Arduino Arduino Leonardo Features Protection

113

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Flow chart

114

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Voltage profile on LED during process

115

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Power Window

116

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Mechanism

117

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Moving the window up or down with by pressing buttons without holding on

Stopping conditions

Operation description

118

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Flow chart

119

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Moving the motor right and left

Stopping the motor if any thing impedes the window glass

Main objectives

120

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

H-bridge typically used in bidirectional DC motor control and single-phase DCAC inverter applications

H-Bridge

121

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

(JBT IJBT or MOSFITS) could be used for H-Bridge

MOSFITS are the best

Automotive MOSFETs cover a wide range of voltage and current ratings

H-Bridge

122

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

MOSFET

123

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

MOSFET is used to switch back and forth between the cutoff region (off state) and the Ohmic region (on-state)

MOSFET

124

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

VG S lt v t h for off-state

VG S is (10v to 20v) for no-state

How to fire the gate of the MOSFET

125

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

To provide enough voltage for firing

For isolation between microcontroller and power circuit

Optocoupler

126

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Optocoupler

127

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

T=KI

Series resistor with the motor

Comparator device

Reference voltage the compare it with the voltage on the series resistor

Motor current sensing for overload condition

128

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

If v2gtv1

So vout is near of +v

If v1gtv2

So vout is near of -v

The output is essentially digital in nature either on or off

Comparator

129

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Comparator

130

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Starting current

131

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Flowchart

132

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

AVR AT-mega 16

Practical Circuit components

133

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Two 4N25 opto-couplers

Practical Circuit components

134

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Four IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

135

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

One 741 op-amp _comparator

Practical Circuit components

136

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Four resistors 10 k ohm for pull down matter one resistor 330 ohm for optocoupler and one 7W 1ohm resistor for current sensing

Practical Circuit components

137

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Simulation circuit

138

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Our design

139

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Mirrors

140

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Importance of mirrors

Control system -Using two pb Pb1 to move right amp pb 2

to move left

Mirrors

141

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

It is simpler than AVR amp easier programming language

Arduino mega 2560

142

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Flow chart

143

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

why servo motor

servo motor

144

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Simulation

145

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Wipers

146

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Ordinary wipers Rain sensing wipers Smart wipers

Development of wipers

147

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Manual Control

Automatic Control

Operation Description

148

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

AVR ATmega 16

Practical Circuit components

149

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

4N25 optocoupler

Practical Circuit components

150

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

IRF540 MOSFET

Practical Circuit components

151

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Flow chart

152

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

153

Simulation

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Using PWM technique

Control of wipers speed

154

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Central lock

155

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Benefits of central lock

156

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

AVR AT-mega 16 Switches LEDs

Practical Circuit components

157

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Flow chart

158

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Operation Description

159

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Android application Introduction Accessory development kits SparkFun IOIO Eagle Drive Software description Sensors

160

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Introduction

Android is a Linux based open source operating system designed for touch screen mobiles and tablet computers by Google itrsquos been revealed in 2007 and first Android phone sold in October 2008

161

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Interface

Androids user interface is based on direct manipulation using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions like swiping tapping pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects

162

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Hardware Internal hardware

such as accelerometers gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions

163

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world

164

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Development boards

165

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Android ADK

Accessory Development Kit

Each ADK release is provided with source code and hardware specifications

Android accessories can be exercise machines personal medical testing devices weather stations

166

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Arduino ADK is based on Arduino

Mega 2560 with the same functionality of Google ADK and only costs about 50$

we will have to write two codes one for Arduino board and the other for Android program

167

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

SparkFun IOIO

the cheapest it only costs 40$

the same functionality and with one code for the android program and the board code

168

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

IOIO Specs

Voltage between 5V-15V should be supplied

designed to work with your Android 15 and later device

Digital InputOutput PWM Analog Input I2C SPI and UART control can all be used with the IOIO

169

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

EAGLE DRIVE

have you ever imagined to control your by your mobile

Control engine starting

Windows Lights Check Sensors Or Drive the vehicle

170

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Software Description

android application based on minimum API level 10 which

The software has 5 modes or 5 main features appear on the main screen when user opens it

171

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Main Screen

The main screen has 5 touch buttons as you see in the picture when user presses any button it should get him the attached task of this button

172

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Mode 1 (Windows) This mode is mainly

designed for controlling the car windows opening and closing levels

It consists of 4 seek bars for the 4 windows and the output is PWM to control the window level

173

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Flowchart

Start

Get Seek bar

progress

Set PWM to

attached pin

END

174

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Mode 2 (Lights)

This mode is designed for controlling the internal and external lights the layout consists of two toggle buttons for the external lights and seek-bars to control the internal lights

175

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Flowchart

176

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Mode 3 (Starting)

This mode is a simple mode to start engine contains only toggle button

177

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Mode 4 (sensors) This mode is

designed for checking the car states

check the speed the ABS system check engine and

lights

178

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

179

Flowchart

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Sensors

Types Hardware-based

sensors Software-based

sensors

180

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Hardware-based sensors

Physical components built into a handset or tablet device

They derive their data by directly measuring specific environmental properties such as acceleration geomagnetic field strength or angular change

181

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Software-based sensors

Software-based sensors derive their data from one or more of the hardware-based sensors

Sometimes called virtual sensors or synthetic sensors

Ex The linear acceleration sensor and the gravity sensor

182

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Accelerometer sensor

Type Hardware Measures the

acceleration force in ms2that is applied to a device on all three physical axes (x y and z) including the force of gravity

Used in Motion detection (shake tilt etc)

183

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Mode 5 (Drive)

This mode is designed to drive your car with your Android device in this mode we can attach a servo motor to the driving wheel to steer it or we can control the steering motor directly

184

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Drive

It mainly consists of a single text view

It reads accelerometer data in x direction and rotate the servo

185

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

Flowchart

186

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

187

Summary Main idea Control systems in this project Microcontrollers used Control systems details

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188

188

• Electrical Control Systems for a passenger car
• Outlines
• Project goal
• Control systems
• Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers (2)
• Microcontrollers (3)
• Battery charging
• Lead Acid Battery
• Lead Acid Battery (2)
• How a Battery is Made
• How a Battery is Made (2)
• How a Battery is Made (3)
• How a Battery is Made (4)
• Reaction inside the battery
• Reaction inside the battery (2)
• Reaction inside the battery (3)
• Reaction inside the battery (4)
• Reaction inside the battery (5)
• Measuring The Battery
• Measuring The Battery (2)
• Measuring The Battery (3)
• Measuring The Battery (4)
• Charging Lead Acid
• Charging Lead Acid (2)
• Alternator
• Principle Of Operation
• Automotive Alternator
• Automotive Alternator (2)
• Charging System
• Charging Circuit
• Alternator Regulator
• Charging System Design
• Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter
• Designing Buck-boost converter (2)
• Designing Buck-boost converter (3)
• Flow Chart
• MOSFET gate drive circuit (ir2125)
• Automatic Control of Air Conditioning Systems
• Introduction
• Slide 42
• Boiling Point of water
• The ozone layer
• R134a Properties
• Components of automotive air conditioner
• Slide 47
• Slide 48
• Lubrication
• Foam seals
• Condenser electric fan
• Protection Devices
• Relay
• Sensors
• Automatic Control of Air Condition Systems
• Flow chart
• Slide 57
• Components of Model
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Refrigerant Safety
• ABS braking system
• Why we use ABS
• Slide 64
• History of ABS
• Chassis systems ldquoBrakerdquo
• What is ABS
• When the wheel lock up
• Operating principles of ABS
• Slide 70
• Types of ABShellip
• ABS components
• Speed sensors (hall effect)
• Speed sensors cont
• Speed sensors (Deceleration sensor)
• Continue
• Speed sensor
• Electronic control unit ldquoECUrdquo
• Slide 79
• Simulation
• Hydraulic control unit ldquoHCUrdquo
• valves
• HCU continue
• Fluid cycle in ABS 1 DURING NORMAL BRAKING (ABS NOT ACTIV
• 2 PRESSURE ldquoDECREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 3 PRESSURE ldquoHOLDrdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• 4 PRESSURE ldquoINCREASErdquo CONTROL (ABS ACTIVE)
• Problem of operating
• Advantages of ABS
• Disadvantages of ABS
• Steer by Wire
• Introduction (2)
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98
• Slide 99
• Slide 100
• Slide 101
• Slide 102
• Slide 103
• External lighting
• External lighting (2)
• External lights colors
• Benefits of External lights
• LEDs and lamps used in external lightning
• Model
• Flow chart
• INTERIOR LIGHTING
• LED vs tungsten
• Arduino
• Flow chart (2)
• Voltage profile on LED during process
• Power Window
• Mechanism
• Operation description
• Flow chart (3)
• Main objectives
• H-Bridge
• H-Bridge (2)
• MOSFET
• MOSFET (2)
• How to fire the gate of the MOSFET
• Optocoupler
• Optocoupler (2)
• Motor current sensing for overload condition
• Comparator
• Comparator (2)
• Slide 131
• Flow chart (2)
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Practical Circuit components (4)
• Simulation circuit
• Our design
• Mirrors
• Mirrors (2)
• Arduino mega 2560
• Flow chart
• servo motor
• Simulation
• Wipers
• Development of wipers
• Operation Description
• Practical Circuit components (2)
• Practical Circuit components (5)
• Practical Circuit components (6)
• Flow chart (4)
• Simulation (2)
• Control of wipers speed
• Central lock
• Benefits of central lock
• Practical Circuit components (3)
• Flow chart (5)
• Operation Description
• Android application
• Introduction (3)
• Interface
• Hardware
• Connecting devicersquos hardware to physical world
• Development boards
• Android ADK
• Arduino ADK
• SparkFun IOIO
• IOIO Specs
• EAGLE DRIVE
• Software Description
• Main Screen
• Mode 1 (Windows)
• Flowchart
• Mode 2 (Lights)
• Flowchart
• Mode 3 (Starting)
• Mode 4 (sensors)
• Flowchart (2)
• Sensors
• Hardware-based sensors
• Software-based sensors
• Accelerometer sensor
• Mode 5 (Drive)
• Drive
• Flowchart (3)
• Summary
• Slide 188