Wireless Sensor Networks

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSA.SATYA KARTHIK10071A0501CSE, VNRVJIET

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CONTENTS Introduction Types of WSN Characteristics of a WSN Architecture components of a WSN Architecture of a WSN Characteristics of a middleware Concept of SOA for wireless networks Architectural issues Standards and Specifications Applications Challenges Advantages Disadvantages Future Scope Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION

What is a wireless sensor network (WSN)…?

Motivation of development

Parts of a sensor node in the network

Functions of a sensor node in the network

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Constraints

Cost Size Topology

TYPES OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 04

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Dense collection of nodes

Ad-hoc deployment

Difficulty in network maintenance

Few and scarcely distributed nodes

Pre-planned deployment

Lower network maintenance

Unstructured WSN Structured WSN

CHARACTERISTICS OF A WSN

1. Self – Organization

2. Concurrency processing

3. Low cost

4. Restricted energy resources

5. Tiny

6. Small radio range

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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Service oriented architecture

Applications - Sensor Applications - Node Applications - Sensor Network Applications

Sensor Application - Readout of a sensor , local storage of the data. It has full access to the hardware and is able to access the operating system directly.

Node Application - Application specific tasks and functions of the middleware to build up and maintain the network

Sensor Network Application - Main tasks and required services of the entire network

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CHARACTERISTICS OF A MIDDLEWARE FOR SENSOR NETWORK

Middleware - software layer between operating system and application

Primary objective of a middleware

A middleware has to be1. Scalable2. Generic3. Adaptive4. Reflective

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CONCEPT OF SOA FOR WIRELESS NETWORKS

A simple use case can help determine the software architecture.

Example of a simple service architecture

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ARCHITECTURE OF NODE APPLICATION STRUCTURE 0

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Node software has 3 parts

1. Operating System which performs device-specific tasks2. Sensor Driver which initializes the sensor hardware and performs

the measurements in the sensor3. Host Middleware which organizes the co- operation of the

distributed nodes in the network

OVERALL GENERAL ARCHITECTURE

The general overall software architecture of the sensor net is shown in the figure

Individual nodes interact with the distributed middleware layer to perform the functions dictated by the sensor network application

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ARCHITECTURAL ISSUES

Energy efficiency

Network topology

Failure in long range communication

Increase in traffic decreases the lifetime

Single tier and multi tier architecture disadvantages

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ARCHITECTURE – CLUSTER BASED

Proposed to tackle the previous architectural issues

Provides Quality of management (Qos)

Dynamic architecture – cluster is a basic unit of software

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STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS

Predominant standards commonly used in WSN communications include:

1. Zig Bee - Transmit data over long distances by passing data through intermediate devices to reach more distant ones

2. Bluetooth - Wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices by creating PANs’

3. 6LoWPAN - Defined encapsulation and header compression mechanisms that allow IPv6 packets to be sent to and received from over IEEE 802.15.4 based networks

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APPLICATIONS OF WSN Area monitoring

Health care monitoring

Air pollution monitoring

Forest fire detection

Landslide detection

Water quality monitoring

Natural disaster prevention

Industrial monitoring

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CHALLENGES Hardware : 1. Low cost 2. Tiny sensors 3. Lifetime maximization 4. Robustness and fault tolerance 5. Self-configuration

Software : 1. Operating systems 2. Security 3. Mobility

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ADVANTAGES OF A WSN

Avoids a lot of wiring

Can accommodate new devices at any time

Flexible to go through physical partitions

It can be accessed through a centralized monitor

Infrastructure

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DISADVANTAGES OF WSN

Easy for hackers to hack a network

Comparatively low speed of communication

Gets distracted by various elements

Costly at large

Life of nodes

Energy life

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FUTURE SCOPE

More research work needs to be done in future.

Needs to be implemented in a wireless sensor network with mobile nodes.

The effects of very large node densities need to be investigated.

The feasibility of using the clustering technique and data aggregation needs to be tested in the same wireless sensor network.

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CONCLUSION

As described, wireless sensor networks possess the potential for many applications. The advance of technology enabled the creation of prototype WSNs, but the hardware and software both have a ways to go before WSNs are practical, cost-effective, and usefully.

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REFERENCES

www.wikipedia.org

http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/technology-research/wsn2.pdf

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/228695105_Service-oriented_software_architecture_for_sensor_networks/file/5046351a8ae5a75f8b.pdf

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