Theories focusing on Social Engineering Effective Outcomes

THEORIES FOCUSING ON

EFFECTIVE OUTCOMES

Cultural Convergence

is growing a sense of cultural unity throughout the world. It is the contact and interaction of one country to another

Difference of cultural convergence and divergence

CULTURAL CONVERGENCE As Movement - this seeks to lessen. As Approach - Encourages culture to become aware to others As Cultural Enrichment - It is learning from the experiences and insights of other culture.

CULTURAL CONVERGENCE EXAMPLES

Accessing language

1. •English language-became a main language of communication for people around the group driven by economic realities.

°Business leaders ° In School °EFL

2. Celebrating Sports

Sport event is culture of its own. -it brings together people from all culture

that understand and appreciate the game

Communication Accommodation Theory

Communication Accommodation Theory is a communication theory which emphasis

the adjustments that people does while communicating.

ORIGINS OF C.A.T. First introduced in 1971, Communication

Accommodation Theory, which was known as Speech Accommodation Theory at the time

ORIGINS OF C.A.T.

Howard Giles, the professor of communication at the University of California.

“when people try to emphasis or minimize the social difference between the others whom they interact with”

Two types of accommodation process explained in this theory:

Convergence- is a process where people tend to adapt the other person’s communication characteristics to reduce the social differences.

Divergence- the process contradicts the method of adaptation and in this context the individual emphasise is on the social difference and nonverbal differences between the interactants.

Application:The communication accommodation theory is

applicable in various communication processes.

studied in the mass media (Bell, 1991) with families (Fox, 1999) with Chinese students (Hornsey & Gallois,

1998)

Application:

with the elderly (Harwood, 2002) on the job (McCroskey & Richmond, 2000) in interviews (Willemyns, Gallois, Callan,

& Pittam, 1997) even with messages left on telephone

answering machines (Buzzanell, Burrell, Stafford, & Berkowitz, 1996)

Criticisms of C.A.T

That people can and do become unreasonable and even irrational during conflict.

That Communication Accommodation Theory assumes that both parties are communicating in a rational manner

Criticisms of C.A.T That conversations often seem to be too

complex to be broken down into components as simple as convergence and divergence.

INTERCULTURAL ADAPTATION

“As the process through which persons in cross-cultural interactions change their communicative behavior to facilitate understanding" 

U-Curve

The U-curve model for adjustment was first introduced by a Norwegian sociologist Sverre Lysgaard in 1955, and it has been developed by other scholars during the following decades (e.g. Oberg, 1960; Chang, 1973).

According to this model, the adaptation process goes through four stages

U-Curve

W-Curve

When migrants return to their home countries, they often have to go through a similar kind of adaptation process. Scholars refer to this with a W-curve model, where the second curve is meant to describe the re-entry shock and readjustment. 

The Stress-Adaptation-Growth Process

Another perspective to intercultural adaptation is to see it as an ongoing learning process, where an individual moves gradually toward adjustment. The challenges met on the way are all important for the process and personal growth. Maybe the adaptation process never comes to an end, but rather changes its form and becomes easier, with more experience.

CO- CULTURAL COMMUNICATION

THEORY

What is Co-Culture?

Distinct cultural differences from the dominant culture within which they are embedded.

 A group of people within a culture that differentiates from the larger culture to which they belong. 

Co-Cultural Communication

Theory

Standpoint Theory

Muted Group Theory

Muted Group Theory-  minority cultures are silenced in several ways by the dominant culture.

Makes marginalized groups invisible or muted.

Stand Point Theory - minority members have a different understanding of the world than dominant culture members.

A place from which we view the world that determines what we focus as well as what we don’t know.

Co-cultural communication

Enhanced through positive attitude towards others and a behavioral flexibility that allows adaptation to context and an ability to acclimatize readily to new environments.

Co-Cultural Communication

Dominant Group

Non – Dominant Group

Ex:Age

Race

Ethnicity

Gender

Sexual Orienta

tion

Adaptation

Adaptation