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THEORIES FOCUSING ON
EFFECTIVE OUTCOMES
Cultural Convergence
is growing a sense of cultural unity throughout the world. It is the contact and interaction of one country to another
Difference of cultural convergence and divergence
CULTURAL CONVERGENCE As Movement - this seeks to lessen. As Approach - Encourages culture to become aware to others As Cultural Enrichment - It is learning from the experiences and insights of other culture.
CULTURAL CONVERGENCE EXAMPLES
Accessing language
1. •English language-became a main language of communication for people around the group driven by economic realities.
°Business leaders ° In School °EFL
2. Celebrating Sports
Sport event is culture of its own. -it brings together people from all culture
that understand and appreciate the game
Communication Accommodation Theory
Communication Accommodation Theory is a communication theory which emphasis
the adjustments that people does while communicating.
ORIGINS OF C.A.T. First introduced in 1971, Communication
Accommodation Theory, which was known as Speech Accommodation Theory at the time
ORIGINS OF C.A.T.
Howard Giles, the professor of communication at the University of California.
“when people try to emphasis or minimize the social difference between the others whom they interact with”
Two types of accommodation process explained in this theory:
Convergence- is a process where people tend to adapt the other person’s communication characteristics to reduce the social differences.
Divergence- the process contradicts the method of adaptation and in this context the individual emphasise is on the social difference and nonverbal differences between the interactants.
Application:The communication accommodation theory is
applicable in various communication processes.
studied in the mass media (Bell, 1991) with families (Fox, 1999) with Chinese students (Hornsey & Gallois,
1998)
Application:
with the elderly (Harwood, 2002) on the job (McCroskey & Richmond, 2000) in interviews (Willemyns, Gallois, Callan,
& Pittam, 1997) even with messages left on telephone
answering machines (Buzzanell, Burrell, Stafford, & Berkowitz, 1996)
Criticisms of C.A.T
That people can and do become unreasonable and even irrational during conflict.
That Communication Accommodation Theory assumes that both parties are communicating in a rational manner
Criticisms of C.A.T That conversations often seem to be too
complex to be broken down into components as simple as convergence and divergence.
INTERCULTURAL ADAPTATION
“As the process through which persons in cross-cultural interactions change their communicative behavior to facilitate understanding"
U-Curve
The U-curve model for adjustment was first introduced by a Norwegian sociologist Sverre Lysgaard in 1955, and it has been developed by other scholars during the following decades (e.g. Oberg, 1960; Chang, 1973).
According to this model, the adaptation process goes through four stages
U-Curve
W-Curve
When migrants return to their home countries, they often have to go through a similar kind of adaptation process. Scholars refer to this with a W-curve model, where the second curve is meant to describe the re-entry shock and readjustment.
The Stress-Adaptation-Growth Process
Another perspective to intercultural adaptation is to see it as an ongoing learning process, where an individual moves gradually toward adjustment. The challenges met on the way are all important for the process and personal growth. Maybe the adaptation process never comes to an end, but rather changes its form and becomes easier, with more experience.
CO- CULTURAL COMMUNICATION
THEORY
What is Co-Culture?
Distinct cultural differences from the dominant culture within which they are embedded.
A group of people within a culture that differentiates from the larger culture to which they belong.
Co-Cultural Communication
Theory
Standpoint Theory
Muted Group Theory
Muted Group Theory- minority cultures are silenced in several ways by the dominant culture.
Makes marginalized groups invisible or muted.
Stand Point Theory - minority members have a different understanding of the world than dominant culture members.
A place from which we view the world that determines what we focus as well as what we don’t know.
Co-cultural communication
Enhanced through positive attitude towards others and a behavioral flexibility that allows adaptation to context and an ability to acclimatize readily to new environments.
Co-Cultural Communication
Dominant Group
Non – Dominant Group
Ex:Age
Race
Ethnicity
Gender
Sexual Orienta
tion
Adaptation
Adaptation