The cold war 2

THE COLD WAR

1963-1975PEACEFUL

COEXISTENCE

PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE

In the 1960s, a new era or peaceful coexistence began, characterised by greater dialogue between the two superpowers.

Kennedy and Krushchev were more flexible in

their negotiations with one another than previous

leaders had been.

A number of international disarmament

conferences took place, with the aim of preventing

nuclear war.

Video Cuban Missiles crisis

THE BEGINNING OF THE PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE

PEACEFUL COEXISTENCEHOT SPOTS

THE VIETNAM WAR (1961-1975)

LA GUERRA DE VIETNAM It was the bloodiest conflict of this

period.Vietnam became independent of

France in 1954 and was divided in

two parts by the 17th parallel:North Vietnam: CommunistSouth Vietnam: Anti-communist.

PEACEFUL COEXISTENCEHOT SPOTS

THE VIETNAM WAR (1961-1975)

In South Vietnam the procommunist Vietcong guerrillas had appeared to try to join the country to North Vietnam.

THE VIETNAM WAR (1961-1975)

When did USA intervene?1962: USA intervened when Kennedy sent military

advisers to South Vietnam to prevent the fall of the anti-communist regime.

Why did USA intervene?Because they were afraid of

the fact that if Vietnam unified

under a Communist regime,

other countries would be

absorbed by the Sovietic bloc.

THE VIETNAM WAR (1961-1975)

In the following years, president Johnson sent American troops to help the government of South Vietnam.

In 1968 there were half a million American soldiers.

THE VIETNAM WAR (1961-1975)

The conflict spread to Laos and Cambodia.

THE VIETNAM WAR (1961-1975)

This war was very unpopular in the USA, because of: It long duration.A lot of casualties.The Vietcong was not defeated in spite of the

superiority of the American troops.

http://www.historiasiglo20.org/GLOS/vietnam.htm

THE VIETNAM WAR (1961-1975)

President Nixon started a gradual withdrawal of the USA, which finished in 1974.

In 1975, South Vietnam was defeated and Vietnam became unified.

In 1948, the territory of Palestine was divided into two separate states.

THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT

One of these was Israel, which was created as a homeland for the Jewish people in the British mandate in Palentine.

However, the Arabs the creation of the state of Israel. who lived in Palestine strongly opposed

In 1964, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was established.

THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT

Yasser Arafat

Since 1960s, disputes between the Israelis and the Palestinians have been a source of constant tension and conflict in the Middle East.

THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT

IsraelisSupported by USA and

Western European countries.

PalestiniansSupported by various Arab

states.

THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT

DECOLONISATION AND

NON-ALIGNMENT

What is decolonisation? It´s the process through which colonies become

independent states after 1945.

DECOLONISATION

CAUSES During WW2, people from Allied colonies had fought against the

Axis Powers in defence of freedom and democracy.

DECOLONISATION

This encouraged the colonies to demand their own freedom after the war.

CAUSES The United Nations supported the right of all peoples

to national self-determination.

DECOLONISATION

CAUSES Members of the colonial elites, who had often been

educated in Europe, demanded independence for their respective homelands.

DECOLONISATION

DECOLONISATION

DECOLONISATION

Algeria

India

Indonesia

INDIA India became independent from Great Britain in 1947 thanks to a

nationalist movement led by Mahatma Gandhi.

DECOLONISATION

India was partitioned into two countries: India, with majority Hindu population, and Pakistan, with majority Muslim population.

INDONESIA Indonesia gained its independence from the Netherlands in 1949. The new country´s first president was Sukarno, but he was

replaced by one of his generals in 1967.

DECOLONISATION

ALGERIA Algeria became independent in 1962 after a war between factions

that either favoured or opposed independence from France.

DECOLONISATION

This movement emerged during the 1950s. It consisted of countries that wanted to remain neutral in

the Cold War and did not want to align themselves with either bloc.

This movement was a product of decolonisation , since it originated among African and Asian countries , which had recently gained independence .

THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT

THE BANDUNG CONFERENCE

In 1955, the African and Asian

countries which had gained the

independence met at the

Bandung Conference in

Indonesia, where they established

the principles of non-alignment.

After that meeting, this THIRD

BLOC of countries gained new

members, including Yugoslavia,

Colombia and Ecuador.

THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT

THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS POLITICS

Different forms of government: democracies and

dictatorships.

Supported the right to national self-determination.

Supported the right for every country to take decisions

without external interference.

THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS:

Non-aligned countries did not establish or join military

alliances.

They declared themselves neutral in the Cold War.

They advocated the non-violent resolution of conflict

through negotiation.

THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS

THE ECONOMY

The majority of these countries had developing

economies:

They aimed to achieve economic growth and development

through cooperation.

THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT

THIRD WORLD PROBLEMS Non-aligned countries = Third World = develping nations Some political, economic and social problems that these countries

suffer today are product of: Imperialism Decolonisation process

THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT

THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT

THIRD WORLD PROBLEMS

Wars between ethnic or religious groups which were separated or displaced when

the borders of new independent nations were

established.

Poverty cuased by these countries´ dependence on

selling raw materials such as oil, rubber and diamonds to

developed countries.

As a result, they have not invested in the new industries,

infrastructure and technical education necessary for sustainable economic

development.

THE END OF THE COLD WAR

In the final decades of the 20th, the Eastern bloc collapsed.

THE END OF THE COLD WAR

The end of the

cold war

Reform in the Soviet

Union

The collapse of the Eastern

Bloc The dissolution

of the USSR

THE END OF THE COLD WAR

THE END OF THE COLD WAR

The collapse of

Communism

The Russian Federation

The survival of

CommunismChina

REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION

After 1975, important developments occured

in the Eastern Bloc.

Repressive policies in Eastern Europe

USSR economic stagnation

Perestroika

Repressive policies in Eastern EuropeThere was increasing

popular discontent in Eastern

Europe.

This was caused by the

Soviet Union´s repressive

policies, which prevented

democratic reform.

REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION

USSR economic stagnationCauses:

The Soviet´s high military expenditure.Consequences:

This reduced investment in other areas and led to a fall in agricultural and industrial productivity.

There were shortages of food and consumer goods.

REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION

The Perestroika

In 1985, Gorvachev was

named Secretary General of

the Soviet Communist Party

and leader of the USSR.

He implemented a series of

political and economic reforms

known as perestroika.

The goal of the perestroika

was to end Soviet economic

stagnation.

REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION

Political Reform Economic Reform

REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION

PERESTROIKA: POLITICAL REFORM

The USSR evolved from a single-party system to one in

which other political parties were permitted.

The State also adopted a policy known as glasnost, which

aimed to make government more open and transparent.

As a part of glasnost,

limitations on freedom of

speech were also relaxed.

REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION

PERESTROIKA: ECONOMIC REFORM

In order to increase agricultural productivity, PRIVATE

OWNERSHIP OF LAND was allowed.

SPENDING CUTS were also introduced in an attempt to reduce

state expenditure.

However, these measures failed to improve the economic situation.

REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION

In 1987, United States President Reagan and Gorvachev had commited to withdraw Soviet troops from Eastern Europe.

THE COLLAPSE OF THE EASTERN BLOC

As a result, popular protest movements emerged in these countries.

They wanted to remove the Communist regimes from power.

In 1989, the Eastern European Communist regimes were in a very weak position.

The most important revolutions occured in:POLAND

In 1989 elections were

won by Solidarity. This

led to the formation of a

non-Communist

government.

THE COLLAPSE OF THE EASTERN BLOC

In 1989, the Eastern European Communist regimes were in a very weak position.

The most important revolutions occured in:BERLIN

In 1989 the people of

Berlin pulled down the

Berlin Wall. In 1990, the GDR (East Germany) was dissolved and Germany was reunified.

THE COLLAPSE OF THE EASTERN BLOC

The fall of the Berlin Wall. 1989, 11th November.

Independent movements had

emerged in the Soviet republics

after the introduction of perestroika.In 1991, a number of these

republics gained independence.Gorvachev resigned and the

Soviet Union was dissolved.As a result, the Cold War

ended.

THE DISSOLUTION OF THE USSR

REMEMBER: THE USSR MAP

THE CIS

The USSR was replaced by the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), which included the Russian Federation and a majority of the old Soviet republics.

THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES (CIS)

In 1990, the Socialist republics that made up Yugoslavia demanded their independence.

The largest republic was Serbia, which wanted to maintain the unity of Yugoslavia and opposed to the independent movements.

THE DISSOLUTION OF YUGOSLAVIA

The independence movements were based in religious differences among the different republics of Yugoslavia.

THE DISSOLUTION OF YUGOSLAVIA

As a consequence of political and religious conflicts there was a Civil war (1991-1995).

As a result, Yugoslavia was divided into various states: Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Serbia and Montenegro .

In 2006, Montenegro

became independent. In 2008, the region of

Kosovo declared its

independencde from Serbia.

THE DISSOLUTION OF YUGOSLAVIA

However, Serbia and Russia, and some European countries didn´t recognise Kosovo as an independent state.