Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
THE COLD WAR
1963-1975PEACEFUL
COEXISTENCE
PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE
In the 1960s, a new era or peaceful coexistence began, characterised by greater dialogue between the two superpowers.
Kennedy and Krushchev were more flexible in
their negotiations with one another than previous
leaders had been.
A number of international disarmament
conferences took place, with the aim of preventing
nuclear war.
Video Cuban Missiles crisis
THE BEGINNING OF THE PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE
PEACEFUL COEXISTENCEHOT SPOTS
THE VIETNAM WAR (1961-1975)
LA GUERRA DE VIETNAM It was the bloodiest conflict of this
period.Vietnam became independent of
France in 1954 and was divided in
two parts by the 17th parallel:North Vietnam: CommunistSouth Vietnam: Anti-communist.
PEACEFUL COEXISTENCEHOT SPOTS
THE VIETNAM WAR (1961-1975)
In South Vietnam the procommunist Vietcong guerrillas had appeared to try to join the country to North Vietnam.
THE VIETNAM WAR (1961-1975)
When did USA intervene?1962: USA intervened when Kennedy sent military
advisers to South Vietnam to prevent the fall of the anti-communist regime.
Why did USA intervene?Because they were afraid of
the fact that if Vietnam unified
under a Communist regime,
other countries would be
absorbed by the Sovietic bloc.
THE VIETNAM WAR (1961-1975)
In the following years, president Johnson sent American troops to help the government of South Vietnam.
In 1968 there were half a million American soldiers.
THE VIETNAM WAR (1961-1975)
The conflict spread to Laos and Cambodia.
THE VIETNAM WAR (1961-1975)
This war was very unpopular in the USA, because of: It long duration.A lot of casualties.The Vietcong was not defeated in spite of the
superiority of the American troops.
http://www.historiasiglo20.org/GLOS/vietnam.htm
THE VIETNAM WAR (1961-1975)
President Nixon started a gradual withdrawal of the USA, which finished in 1974.
In 1975, South Vietnam was defeated and Vietnam became unified.
In 1948, the territory of Palestine was divided into two separate states.
THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT
One of these was Israel, which was created as a homeland for the Jewish people in the British mandate in Palentine.
However, the Arabs the creation of the state of Israel. who lived in Palestine strongly opposed
In 1964, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was established.
THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT
Yasser Arafat
Since 1960s, disputes between the Israelis and the Palestinians have been a source of constant tension and conflict in the Middle East.
THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT
IsraelisSupported by USA and
Western European countries.
PalestiniansSupported by various Arab
states.
DECOLONISATION AND
NON-ALIGNMENT
What is decolonisation? It´s the process through which colonies become
independent states after 1945.
DECOLONISATION
CAUSES During WW2, people from Allied colonies had fought against the
Axis Powers in defence of freedom and democracy.
DECOLONISATION
This encouraged the colonies to demand their own freedom after the war.
CAUSES The United Nations supported the right of all peoples
to national self-determination.
DECOLONISATION
CAUSES Members of the colonial elites, who had often been
educated in Europe, demanded independence for their respective homelands.
DECOLONISATION
DECOLONISATION
DECOLONISATION
Algeria
India
Indonesia
INDIA India became independent from Great Britain in 1947 thanks to a
nationalist movement led by Mahatma Gandhi.
DECOLONISATION
India was partitioned into two countries: India, with majority Hindu population, and Pakistan, with majority Muslim population.
INDONESIA Indonesia gained its independence from the Netherlands in 1949. The new country´s first president was Sukarno, but he was
replaced by one of his generals in 1967.
DECOLONISATION
ALGERIA Algeria became independent in 1962 after a war between factions
that either favoured or opposed independence from France.
DECOLONISATION
This movement emerged during the 1950s. It consisted of countries that wanted to remain neutral in
the Cold War and did not want to align themselves with either bloc.
This movement was a product of decolonisation , since it originated among African and Asian countries , which had recently gained independence .
THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT
THE BANDUNG CONFERENCE
In 1955, the African and Asian
countries which had gained the
independence met at the
Bandung Conference in
Indonesia, where they established
the principles of non-alignment.
After that meeting, this THIRD
BLOC of countries gained new
members, including Yugoslavia,
Colombia and Ecuador.
THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS POLITICS
Different forms of government: democracies and
dictatorships.
Supported the right to national self-determination.
Supported the right for every country to take decisions
without external interference.
THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS:
Non-aligned countries did not establish or join military
alliances.
They declared themselves neutral in the Cold War.
They advocated the non-violent resolution of conflict
through negotiation.
THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
THE ECONOMY
The majority of these countries had developing
economies:
They aimed to achieve economic growth and development
through cooperation.
THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT
THIRD WORLD PROBLEMS Non-aligned countries = Third World = develping nations Some political, economic and social problems that these countries
suffer today are product of: Imperialism Decolonisation process
THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT
THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT
THIRD WORLD PROBLEMS
Wars between ethnic or religious groups which were separated or displaced when
the borders of new independent nations were
established.
Poverty cuased by these countries´ dependence on
selling raw materials such as oil, rubber and diamonds to
developed countries.
As a result, they have not invested in the new industries,
infrastructure and technical education necessary for sustainable economic
development.
THE END OF THE COLD WAR
In the final decades of the 20th, the Eastern bloc collapsed.
THE END OF THE COLD WAR
The end of the
cold war
Reform in the Soviet
Union
The collapse of the Eastern
Bloc The dissolution
of the USSR
THE END OF THE COLD WAR
THE END OF THE COLD WAR
The collapse of
Communism
The Russian Federation
The survival of
CommunismChina
REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION
After 1975, important developments occured
in the Eastern Bloc.
Repressive policies in Eastern Europe
USSR economic stagnation
Perestroika
Repressive policies in Eastern EuropeThere was increasing
popular discontent in Eastern
Europe.
This was caused by the
Soviet Union´s repressive
policies, which prevented
democratic reform.
REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION
USSR economic stagnationCauses:
The Soviet´s high military expenditure.Consequences:
This reduced investment in other areas and led to a fall in agricultural and industrial productivity.
There were shortages of food and consumer goods.
REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION
The Perestroika
In 1985, Gorvachev was
named Secretary General of
the Soviet Communist Party
and leader of the USSR.
He implemented a series of
political and economic reforms
known as perestroika.
The goal of the perestroika
was to end Soviet economic
stagnation.
REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION
Political Reform Economic Reform
REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION
PERESTROIKA: POLITICAL REFORM
The USSR evolved from a single-party system to one in
which other political parties were permitted.
The State also adopted a policy known as glasnost, which
aimed to make government more open and transparent.
As a part of glasnost,
limitations on freedom of
speech were also relaxed.
REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION
PERESTROIKA: ECONOMIC REFORM
In order to increase agricultural productivity, PRIVATE
OWNERSHIP OF LAND was allowed.
SPENDING CUTS were also introduced in an attempt to reduce
state expenditure.
However, these measures failed to improve the economic situation.
REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION
In 1987, United States President Reagan and Gorvachev had commited to withdraw Soviet troops from Eastern Europe.
THE COLLAPSE OF THE EASTERN BLOC
As a result, popular protest movements emerged in these countries.
They wanted to remove the Communist regimes from power.
In 1989, the Eastern European Communist regimes were in a very weak position.
The most important revolutions occured in:POLAND
In 1989 elections were
won by Solidarity. This
led to the formation of a
non-Communist
government.
THE COLLAPSE OF THE EASTERN BLOC
In 1989, the Eastern European Communist regimes were in a very weak position.
The most important revolutions occured in:BERLIN
In 1989 the people of
Berlin pulled down the
Berlin Wall. In 1990, the GDR (East Germany) was dissolved and Germany was reunified.
THE COLLAPSE OF THE EASTERN BLOC
The fall of the Berlin Wall. 1989, 11th November.
Independent movements had
emerged in the Soviet republics
after the introduction of perestroika.In 1991, a number of these
republics gained independence.Gorvachev resigned and the
Soviet Union was dissolved.As a result, the Cold War
ended.
THE DISSOLUTION OF THE USSR
REMEMBER: THE USSR MAP
THE CIS
The USSR was replaced by the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), which included the Russian Federation and a majority of the old Soviet republics.
THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES (CIS)
In 1990, the Socialist republics that made up Yugoslavia demanded their independence.
The largest republic was Serbia, which wanted to maintain the unity of Yugoslavia and opposed to the independent movements.
THE DISSOLUTION OF YUGOSLAVIA
The independence movements were based in religious differences among the different republics of Yugoslavia.
THE DISSOLUTION OF YUGOSLAVIA
As a consequence of political and religious conflicts there was a Civil war (1991-1995).
As a result, Yugoslavia was divided into various states: Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Serbia and Montenegro .
In 2006, Montenegro
became independent. In 2008, the region of
Kosovo declared its
independencde from Serbia.
THE DISSOLUTION OF YUGOSLAVIA
However, Serbia and Russia, and some European countries didn´t recognise Kosovo as an independent state.
