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UniverseUniverse

Stars: they release light and heat

Planets: they don´t release light and heat

They orbit the starsSatellites: they don´t release light and heat

They orbit the planets

Asteroids: solid rocks.

they orbit the stars

Comets: balls of cosmic dust and ice

Meteors: small objects (rock and ice)

Nebulae: clouds of dust and gases

Space: dust and gases

Black holes: regions where gravity prevents anything from scaping

Nebulae

It´s …

Conditions for life:

a) temperature

b) water

c) atmosphere

Plus:

- Right gravity & density

- Right distance from Sun

The Earth

Latitude LongitudeThe distance between a point on the Earth´s surface and the Equator.

The distance between a point on the Earth´s surface and the Prime Meridian.

2.- Latitude and longitude: the geographic coordinates

Parallels MeridiansImaginary lines thatrun East to West.

Imaginary lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole.

An imaginary grid

Longitude

Meridians Parallels.

WhatCities can weFind followingThe next coordinates?

0º 15’ S 78º W 10º 30’ N 66º W

Which islands can you find 0º S 90º W?

Which is theClosest city?51ºN 0º W44ºN 8º E42ºN 12ºE46ºN 16ºE38ºN 24ºE

Earth´s rotation

The Earth rotates once on its axis every 24 hours

Consequences

Day and night

The Sun´s apparent movement

The Earth is moving…

Axial ti lt

Axial ti lt

Time zones

– 24 hours: rotation 360º– 24 time zones

– 360 º planet Earth : each time zone 15º = 24 hours

– 1 hour each time zone 24 hours: 24 zones

Revolution• How long? 365 5 h. 48´ 45´´

•Consequences

Seasons

Length of the day and night

Summer in the Northern hemisphereWinter in the Southern hemisphere

• Summer solstice (june)

• The part illuminated in the North is bigger: longer days.

• The North Pole is always illuminated .

•Shorter days in the Southern hemisphere

Summer in the southern hemispherewinter in the Northern hemisphere

•The part illuminated in the South is bigger: longer days. •The South Pole is always illuminated.•The Norht Pole is in darkness: Northern hemisphere winter.

Midnight sun in Norway(60 degrees North)

Night in the winter: Norway

Spring in the Northern hemisphere(Equinox in march)

• Neither of the Poles are bending towards the sun.

• Both hemispheres are equally illuminated.

Autumn in the Northern hemisphere(equinox in september)

•Neither of the Poles are bending towards the sun.•Both hemispheres are equally illuminated.

Summer solstice in the Northern hemisphere

• The sunrays are vertical in the tropic of Cancer

Winter solstice in the Northern hemisphere

• The sunrays are vertical in the tropic of Capricorn

Equinoxes

• The sunrays are vertical at the Equator

CLIMATE ZONESTropics Temperate zones Polar regions

High temperaturesthroughout the year

Different number of daylight hours

Low temperatures throughout the year

Little differences between seasons

Four seasons Summer and winter Low temperatures

CLIMATE ZONES

•What is cartography?

The study of maps•Three characteristics of maps

They are simple, reduced and use colours and symbols

•Are map projections accurate? No, they are distorted representations

of the Earth .

A.- Cylindrical projection: MERCATOR

MAP PROJECTIONS

Mercator projection and reality. Great distortion in higher Latitudes (poles); good closeTo equator.Useful for navigation.

A.- Cylindrical projection: MERCATOR

MAP PROJECTIONS

B.- Projection onto a plane

C.- A conical projection

Scale• Graphic scale: line divided into equal parts.

• Numerical scale: relationship between a unit of distance on a map (1cm) and the real distance (100.000 cm.= 1000 m.)

– Large: 1: 5000-1:50000 (1cm.-50m.---1cm.-500 m.)

– Intermediate:1: 50 000- 1: 100.000 (500 m - 1km.)

– Small: 1: 100 000… (1km…)

Large scale

Small scale

How can we measure the distances in this map?

Topographic

Map:

Relief, towns and

Roads also.

KINDS OF MAPS

In this mapsWe canSee theRelief, mainly.

Thematic

maps:

Population,

Climate,

Economy…

Thematic map

Virtual map

Satellite photograph

Aerial photography

Remote sensing images.

Estas imágenes suelen ofrecer información que escapa a la vista: ultravioleta, variaciones por la gravedad, humedad del terreno…

En esta imagen, se nos explica la aridez del suelo en Oriente medio, usando sensores que miden temperatura.