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UniverseUniverse
Stars: they release light and heat
Planets: they don´t release light and heat
They orbit the starsSatellites: they don´t release light and heat
They orbit the planets
Asteroids: solid rocks.
they orbit the stars
Comets: balls of cosmic dust and ice
Meteors: small objects (rock and ice)
Nebulae: clouds of dust and gases
Space: dust and gases
Black holes: regions where gravity prevents anything from scaping
Nebulae
It´s …
Conditions for life:
a) temperature
b) water
c) atmosphere
Plus:
- Right gravity & density
- Right distance from Sun
The Earth
Latitude LongitudeThe distance between a point on the Earth´s surface and the Equator.
The distance between a point on the Earth´s surface and the Prime Meridian.
2.- Latitude and longitude: the geographic coordinates
Parallels MeridiansImaginary lines thatrun East to West.
Imaginary lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole.
An imaginary grid
Longitude
Meridians Parallels.
WhatCities can weFind followingThe next coordinates?
0º 15’ S 78º W 10º 30’ N 66º W
Which islands can you find 0º S 90º W?
Which is theClosest city?51ºN 0º W44ºN 8º E42ºN 12ºE46ºN 16ºE38ºN 24ºE
Earth´s rotation
The Earth rotates once on its axis every 24 hours
Consequences
Day and night
The Sun´s apparent movement
The Earth is moving…
Axial ti lt
Axial ti lt
Time zones
– 24 hours: rotation 360º– 24 time zones
– 360 º planet Earth : each time zone 15º = 24 hours
– 1 hour each time zone 24 hours: 24 zones
Revolution• How long? 365 5 h. 48´ 45´´
•Consequences
Seasons
Length of the day and night
Summer in the Northern hemisphereWinter in the Southern hemisphere
• Summer solstice (june)
• The part illuminated in the North is bigger: longer days.
• The North Pole is always illuminated .
•Shorter days in the Southern hemisphere
Summer in the southern hemispherewinter in the Northern hemisphere
•The part illuminated in the South is bigger: longer days. •The South Pole is always illuminated.•The Norht Pole is in darkness: Northern hemisphere winter.
Midnight sun in Norway(60 degrees North)
Night in the winter: Norway
Spring in the Northern hemisphere(Equinox in march)
• Neither of the Poles are bending towards the sun.
• Both hemispheres are equally illuminated.
Autumn in the Northern hemisphere(equinox in september)
•Neither of the Poles are bending towards the sun.•Both hemispheres are equally illuminated.
Summer solstice in the Northern hemisphere
• The sunrays are vertical in the tropic of Cancer
Winter solstice in the Northern hemisphere
• The sunrays are vertical in the tropic of Capricorn
Equinoxes
• The sunrays are vertical at the Equator
CLIMATE ZONESTropics Temperate zones Polar regions
High temperaturesthroughout the year
Different number of daylight hours
Low temperatures throughout the year
Little differences between seasons
Four seasons Summer and winter Low temperatures
CLIMATE ZONES
•What is cartography?
The study of maps•Three characteristics of maps
They are simple, reduced and use colours and symbols
•Are map projections accurate? No, they are distorted representations
of the Earth .
A.- Cylindrical projection: MERCATOR
MAP PROJECTIONS
Mercator projection and reality. Great distortion in higher Latitudes (poles); good closeTo equator.Useful for navigation.
A.- Cylindrical projection: MERCATOR
MAP PROJECTIONS
B.- Projection onto a plane
C.- A conical projection
Scale• Graphic scale: line divided into equal parts.
• Numerical scale: relationship between a unit of distance on a map (1cm) and the real distance (100.000 cm.= 1000 m.)
– Large: 1: 5000-1:50000 (1cm.-50m.---1cm.-500 m.)
– Intermediate:1: 50 000- 1: 100.000 (500 m - 1km.)
– Small: 1: 100 000… (1km…)
Large scale
Small scale
How can we measure the distances in this map?
Topographic
Map:
Relief, towns and
Roads also.
KINDS OF MAPS
In this mapsWe canSee theRelief, mainly.
Thematic
maps:
Population,
Climate,
Economy…
Thematic map
Virtual map
Satellite photograph
Aerial photography
Remote sensing images.
Estas imágenes suelen ofrecer información que escapa a la vista: ultravioleta, variaciones por la gravedad, humedad del terreno…
En esta imagen, se nos explica la aridez del suelo en Oriente medio, usando sensores que miden temperatura.