Social Environments Introduction1
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Characteristics and distribution of settlements
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- 1. Characteristics and distribution of settlements
- 2. An urban planet First Cities 5500 years ago TODAY: 50% of
population lives in a city. Most urban development occurred in the
last 150 years because of: ACTIVITY 1 complete before continuing
CHECK: Population increase and the need for more living space
Industrial growth and the expansion and concentration of the
workforce Economic growth and consumer demands for goods and
services Government requirements to make living space more cost-
efficient
- 3. Communities and settlements A community is a system of
interacting and interdependent social groups occupying a particular
area. A community is characterised by patterns of demography,
ethnicity, income, family structure, religion and culture.
Community groups reside in settlements that vary in size from small
hamlets to giant megacities. Their location, size and structure
depend on the geographical features of an area and its historical,
economic and political development SETTLEMENT IS THE RESIDENTIAL
INFRASTRUCTURE where people live and work together to carry out a
range of activities.
- 4. Types of communities Mono-functional ( single purpose e.g.
mining town) Multifunctional Multicultural Indigenous Ecologically
sustainable Activity 2 Check: Mono-functional: rely on a single
function: Mt Isa ( mining) Thredbo( Tourism) Port Kemble ( heavy
industry) Richmond (airforce base). Multi-functional: mix or range
of productive functions such as manufacturing, administration,
govern, special purpose. ( Brisbane) Multicultural: a community has
specifically moved to welcome and include people with a range of
backgrounds ( Toowoomba) Indigenous: preservation of cultural
heritage an identity ( Arakun, Cherbourg) sustainable: adopt green
practices to improve Ecologically environmental sustainability
- 5. Features of Settlements - FUNCTIONS Settlements provide a
variety of Commercial functions and services to Residential
residents. Therefore their design and future planning feature a
Industrial broad range of land uses. Administrative Some of these
land uses, however are not always Utilities compatible while some
need the Transport advantage of agglomeration. Education For
example: Heavy industry is Cultural not compatible with residential
areas, while light industry might Special purposes be. Commercial
and financial open spaces/future development institutions tend to
agglomerate in city centres where they can have ACTIVITY 3 mutual
access and locational benefits. They can also the afford CHEC the
higher rent bids of the inner K city. Today, advantages of
- 6. Hierarchy of Settlements Their location, size and structure
depend on the geographical features of an area and its historical,
economic and political development . Hierarchy a ranking according
to size and importance Low-order functions: dominate small
settlements High-order functions: dominate large cities Categories:
High order Conurbation functions Metropolis Number of functions
City Duplication of functions Large town Diversity of functions
Small town Number of residents Village Low order hamlet functions
ACTIVITY 4 ACTIVITY 5
- 7. Megacity - agglomerations Global cities Response to global
markets and communication advances Largest; Tokyo ( Yokahama and
Kawasaki) 34 million people) Most rapid growth of megacities South
America, Africa and Asia Lack infrastructural development ACTIVITY
6
- 8. Where are most people living? Influencing factors: The
distribution of population and settlements is uneven. People tend
to live in certain areas due to: Climate Fertile soils Availability
of water Forests or grasslands Terrain that does not inhibit
transport Cultural and religious backgrounds Level of technology
and industry Political history Key global distribution points (
e.g. Hong Kong) Global trade intersections ( e.g. Singapore)
ACTIVITY 7
- 9. Population density - global
- 10. Global population clusters Eastern Asia Southern Asia
Western Europe NE North America Sub-tropical E coast South
America
- 11. Activity 1 While human settlements are not a new
phenomenon, their size, complexity and rate of growth are. What
factors have contributed to the rapid growth in the size,
complexity and population of human settlements since the Industrial
Revolution? List these and be able to explain how they have
contributed. Where possible provide specific examples to Back
support or highlight them.
- 12. Activity 2 Communities come in all shapes and sizes, and
may be found in a variety of settings depending on their
geographical, socio-economic, political and environmental
situations For each of the community types listed, provide an
explanatory sentence. Provide at least one example to demonstrate
that you understand the differences between them. Back
- 13. Activity 3 What FUNCTIONS are evident in this photo? What
ones are missing? Why would they be missing from this photo? Where
might you find
- 14. ACTIVITY 4 1 2 Order and name the type of Back settlement 4
4
- 15. .Do you understand the terminology? Complete the table to
show that you understand the relationship between range, threshold
of a good and service and the size of the settlement Goods of Range
Threshold Settlement size How many of these function Service
LOW/MED LOW/MED Large city/ would you find in a settlement /HIGH
/HIGH town/ village like Toowoomba MANY/FEW/NOT MANY Milk and paper
furniture GP Oncology specialist Car dealer Business bank Upmarket
, designer fashions
- 16. ACTIVITY 5 Settlements of different sizes have different
types and numbers of functions. The settlement provided goods and
services to its residents. What goods and services are provided
depends on: The RANGE of the good or service Range (of a good or
service) Usually used in the context of the "outer range" of a
good. This range refers to the maximum distance over which a
product can be sold at a given price. And The THRESHOLD of the good
or service Threshold: Minimum demand necessary to support the
production and sale of a product, the delivery of a Back service or
the pursuit of a business NEX T
- 17. Transform the data from the map into a detailed table.
Convert the table into a ACTIVITY 6 bar graph showing the number of
settlements in each of the three map categories. Back Comment on
the patterns of distribution using the 3 data presentations you now
have? Are there any anomalies?
- 18. ACTIVITY 7 Toowoomba lies at the gateway to the Darling
Downs. The settlement began at Drayton., after the Leslie Brothers
established pastoral runs in the late 1820s Read the abridged test
of Toowoombas history taken from the Toowoomba Regional Council
website. Identify the factors which determined the location and
future growth of this regional centre. List these. CHECK: 1.
Drayton: Transport node for early bullock wagons 2. Toowoomba
swamp: point of entry up the Range, watering hole. 3. Railway line
(1849) transport of produce from Darling Downs. Toowoomba become
main transport hub. 4. 1960 designated as municipality 5. Town was
incorporated in 1904 recognised as regional centre for Downs. 6.
Agricultural based industries develop because of rail access to
Brisbane. 7. Car transport spread of Toowoomba. 8. Today: regional
educational, cultural, commercial, and service centre of the
Darling Downs region. Key reasons for establishment and early
growth: Site and situation. Climate Soils and productive
agricultural area Water available fresh water from springs
Transport Old Toll Bar Range entrance, Rail link to Brisbane and
into Darling Downs Development of industries Political History (
break up of squatter runs into agricultural lots for onto Social
Move farming Environments
- 19. Short history of Toowoomba - the settlement Bullock wagons,
the early means of transport to Toowoomba and the Darling Downs,
carried wool from the great pioneering stations to the port at
Moreton Bay, and brought supplies from the coast to the stations.
The earliest township in this area was Drayton, a small trading and
service settlement, at a gully where the tracks of the early
bullock teamsters met. Land at a nearby swamp was surveyed in 1849
as the Drayton Agricultural Reserve. Town blocks between the east
and west swamps were surveyed in 1853 and became Toowoomba. Early
urban development of Toowoomba was in James Street which carried
the traffic from the Toll Bar on the range en route to Drayton and
beyond. The opening of the railway line from Ipswich to Toowoomba
in 1867 and extension of the line to the south and west moved the
focus of the town from James Street to Russell Street, near the
railway station. Industries such as flour milling and foundries and
later dairy processing developed near the railway. Toowoomba became
a municipality in 1860 and was incorporated as a city in 1904.
Drayton became a suburb of Toowoomba in 1949. Development of the
city business centre grew within the triangle between the two
swamps with Ruthven Street taking over from James and Russell
Street as the main business and shopping centre up to the 1960-70s.
The development of "drive in shopping centres" from that time has
led to fragmentation of the central shopping centre to suburban
areas of this rapidly growing city. From an estimated population of
1,000 in 1860, Toowoomba now has an estimated Back to Activity 7
population of more than 90,000. With the University of Southern
Queensland, the TAFE and numerous boarding and day schools,
Toowoomba is the regional educational,