Scandura ppt 15

CHAPTER 15:LEADING CHANGE

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 2

AGENDA• Forces for change• Organizational development• Resistance to change• Leading change• Learning organizations

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 3

FACTORS FOR SUCCESFUL CHANGE

Source: LaClair, J. A., & Rao, R. P. (2002). Helping employees embrace change. The McKinsey Quarterly, 4, 17–20.

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 4

Source: Retrieved on April 2, 2014 from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobmorgan/2013/09/10/ the-evolution-of-work/.

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 5

THE EVOLUTION OF WORK (CONTINUED)

Source: Retrieved on April 2, 2014 from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobmorgan/2013/09/10/ the-evolution-of-work/.

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 6

FORCES DRIVING ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 7

PLANNED CHANGE• Planned change is proactive

rather than reactive. • Managers read the environment

they operate in and determine the needed course of action and how to get there.

• Change can be big (radical) or small (incremental)

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 8

TYPES OF PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 9

FOUR SUBSYSTEMS OF CHANGE1. Formal organization2. Social factors3. Technology4. Physical setting

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 10

ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENTOrganizational development (OD) is a collection of social psychology methods employed to improve organizational effectiveness and employee well-being.

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 11

EXAMPLES: OD INTERVENTIONS• Survey feedback• Workout• Process consultation• Team building• Appreciative inquiry (AI)

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 12

REACTIONS TO CHANGE• Resistance • Compliance• Commitment

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 13

WHY DO PEOPLE RESIST CHANGE?• Personal reasons -- habit, security,

economics, and fear of the unknown. • Organizational reasons -- structural

inertia (structure is too rigid to support the change), group inertia, threats to expertise, and threats to established power relationships.

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 14

HOW TO OVERCOME RESISTANCE TO CHANGE• Education and communication• Participation• Building support and commitment• Developing positive relationships• Implementing changes fairly• Selecting people who accept

change

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 15

METHODS OF LAST RESORT• Manipulation and cooptation• Coercion

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 16

LEADING CHANGE: LEWIN’S 3-STEP MODEL• Unfreezing, changing, refreezing• Uses force-field analysis

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 17

LEWIN’S 3-STEP MODEL OF CHANGE

Source: Adapted from http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_94.htm.

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 18

LEADING CHANGE: KOTTER’S 8-STEP MODEL• Elaborates on Lewin’s model of change

and provides specific guidelines for changing organizations • Each step builds on the previous one.

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 19

KOTTER’S 8-STEP MODEL FOR CHANGE

Source: Kotter, J. P. (1995). Leading change: Why transformation efforts fail. Harvard Business Review, 73(2), 59–67.

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 20

LEADERSHIP IMPLICATIONS: CREATING LEARNING ORGANIZATIONS• In a learning organization, leaders

facilitate organizational change by creating a workplace that is flexible and innovative.• If employees are always learning and

willing to do or try new things, change is easier to accept and implement.

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 21

THE FIVE LEADERSHIP LEARNING DISCIPLINES

Scandura, Essentials of Organizational Behavior. © 2016, SAGE Publications. 22

OPEN-ACCESSSTUDENT RESOURCES• Checklist action plan

• Learning objective summaries

• Mobile-friendly quizzes

• Mobile-friendly eFlashcards

• Video and multimedia resources

• SAGE journal articles

edge.sagepub.com/scandura