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Defining Narrative 1
The last half century has seen an
explosion of new media that has transformed our society
Biological Imperative: Born to Communicate
From early man to present, people have invented ways to communicate and connect
How Do We Define It? • Psychology is the study of
human behavior, emotions, and cognitions
• Media includes all forms of mediated communications and technologies
• Multi-disciplinary
• Continually changing
Why Do We Define Media Psychology?
• Set the compass and standards of a field
• Frame the work of its practitioners
• Create an intellectual basis for exchange and integration
• Inform the public
Cognitive
Positive
Constructivist
Social
Narrative
Developmental
Psychologists Often Disagree Complex Systems
Neuropsych Individual Differences
5 Major PerspecDves
Biological • EvoluDonary • Neuroscience
Psycho-‐dynamic • Freud
Behavioral • Skinner
CogniDve • Piaget
HumanisDc • Carl Rogers
Different views on the roots of human development and behavior
Theory Changes Questions We Ask • Narrative • Social • Developmental • Positive • Personality • Emotions • Attitudes/Beliefs • Preferences • Perception
Neuropsychology & Evolutionary Psychology
§ Biological and evolutionary explanations for behaviors and emotions
§ Triune brain theory § Implications for research on
attachment style, relational style, attention, fear, persuasion, addiction as related to media use and influence
Psychoanalytic Theory
þ Focus is on understanding conscious and unconscious processes
þ Developed by Sigmund Freud
þ Theorists: Horney, Adler, Erikson, Jung, Fromm, Rank, Klein, Sullivan
þ Basis for understanding personality and elements of media effects tradition, uses and gratifications, parasocial relationships
Behaviorism þ People respond to environmental sDmuli without his/her
mental state being a factor þ People learn behaviors through condiDoning
þ Operant – making a connecDon through reinforcement of posiDve or negaDve rewards
þ Classical – naturally occurring sDmulus paired with learned response
þ Pavlov, Skinner, Watson, Hull (drive reducDon), Bandura (social learning)
Humanistic Psychology
þ Holistic view that focus is on the human context for motivations, attitudes and needs
þ Rogers, Fromm, Maslow, Sullivan
þ People select media experiences that satisfy cognitive, social and emotional needs
Cognitive Psychology þ Cognitive Revolution
þ Reaction to Behaviorism þ Perception, Language, Attention, Memory, Problem Solving, Decision
Making and Judgment, Intelligence
þ Among the theorists: þ Early: Gestalt Wertheimer, Wundt, þ Chomsky, Broadbent, Gardner, Piaget þ Bruner, Beck, Seligman
þ Applicability for media psychologists includes:
þ Usability, developmental appropriateness of technology and content, Information comprehension, schemas, categorization, belief formation, perception and learning styles
Social Learning/Social Cognition • Bandura • Learning in a social
context • People can learn by
observing from others • Behaviorist perspective
vs. Cognitive perspective • Learning can occur
without a change in behavior
• Basis for research on violence, stereotype emulation, media framing
Evolved into Social Cognition
Overt Behavior
Environment Individual Factors
þ Roots in social psychology
þ Theorists have moved toward this perspective from other schools of thought þ Bandura
þ Bruner
þ Allport
þ Festinger
þ Reciprocal Determinism
Social Constructionism
• Shifts emphasis to social dimension
• People construct beliefs about the world from their interactions with other people, environments, and culture
• Learning is most successful when people provide “scaffolding” to help learners reach the next level
• Basis for most research on identity development, multiple intelligences
• Major theorists: Vygotsky, Gergen, and Mead
Social Psychology
þ Social idenDty þ Group affiliaDon
þ Group behaviors þ Stereotypes þ Social influence þ CogniDve dissonance
þ Sherif –summer camp/group conflict
þ Tajfel – social idenDty þ Asch – social influence þ Cialdini – persuasion, social influence
þ FesDnger
Narrative: The Storied Nature of Life þ Narrative provides
• Meaning and identity • Sharing of narratives • Basis for organizing, making meaning and sharing of
experience • Universal themes, archetypes and myths • McAdams, Josselson, Polkinghorne, Bruner, Jung, Campbell • Related theories:
• Presence • Narrative transportation • Mirror neurons
Developmental Psychology • Maturation across the lifespan where development progresses
through stages, transitions, relational skills, or life tasks • Many draw from psychoanalytic theory and identified stages that
must be successfully mastered for healthy development • Names to know: Erikson, Piaget, Bowlby, Ainsworth
Positive Psychology
• Focus is on the empirical study of • Positive emotions
• Optimism • Resilience • Self-Efficacy • Trust
• Strengths–based traits • Healthy institutions and systems
• Seligman, Csikszentmihalyi, Deiner, Fredrickson, Lyubomirsky
• Relevant to development of prosocial media including public service messaging, learning technologies, gaming, usability
What Does a Media Psychologist Do?
• Many specializations combine the knowledge of psychology and media applications
• Design and production • Assessment and evaluation of technology, interfaces, usability, and
content, developmental and cognitive fit • Industry specific solutions: education, media literacy, healthcare,
marketing, entertainment, public policy, social support
Media Psychology:
Psychology for the 21st Century þ Ability to evaluate and anticipate impact: þ Individual and social interaction þ Access to information þ Content production and distribution þ Disruption þ Dissolving boundaries
Why media psychology? Media and technology have
inherent moral issues Psychology is unique in its focus on the health and wellbeing of individuals and society
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