openness

openness

Image: CC-BY-NC http://www.flickr.com/photos/29998767@N07/2807176376/

outlineintro to opennessopen educationlearning objects to OER historydefinitionmotivations for opennessmedia issueslicensingsustainabilityexamples

the lecture…the book

14th century

Image: Laurentius de Voltolina (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg)David Wiley (2011) http://www.slideshare.net/opencontent/open-education-7608981

printing press – 15th century

image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Printer_in_1568-ce.pngDavid Wiley (2011) http://www.slideshare.net/opencontent/open-education-7608981

15th century

Image: Laurentius de Voltolina (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg)David Wiley (2011) http://www.slideshare.net/opencontent/open-education-7608981

If the Book Didn’t Change Education

Can the internet?Can openness?

David Wiley (2011) http://www.slideshare.net/opencontent/open-education-7608981

what does open mean?

openness is not binary

image: cc-by-nc Some rights reservedhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/deadhorse/367716072/

openness is a continuum

image: cc-by Some rights reserved by Herméshttp://www.flickr.com/photos/hermes-/125161447/in/photostream/

open

image: cc-by-nc Some rights reservedhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/mandj98/5098020700/

open

image: cc-by-sa-nc Some rights reservedhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/abennett96/2425831211/

what isopen education?

when did open education movement start?

open education is……….Open licensingOpen sourceOpen contentOpenCourseWare (OCW)Open educational resources (OER)Open accessOpen dataOpen scienceOpen teachingOpen business modelsOpen policyOpen____????

iterating toward openness pragmatism over zeal – David Wiley (2011)http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/2080

what is an open university?“Open to all: what we mean by open admissions

Nearly all of our undergraduate courses have no formal entry requirements, either prior qualifications or experience. We allow people who have missed out on education to fulfill their potential and achieve a university-level qualification.

We believe that it is the qualifications with which our students leave, rather than those with which they enter, that count.”

The Open University, UK (planning began 1965 – first students 1971) http://www.open.ac.uk/

what is an open university?Athabasca University, Canada’s Open University, is dedicated to the removal of barriers that restrict access to and success in university-level study and to increasing equality of educational opportunity for adult learners worldwide……We are committed to our mission of guaranteeing access to post-secondary learning to all who have the ability and desire.

Athabasca University (established 1970 – first students 1972) http://www2.athabascau.ca/

learning objectsto

Open Educational Resources (OER)to the

open education movement

image: http://silvana.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/elefantelo.jpgimage: http://openedweb.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/oer-300x300.png

history

the idea of reusing digital educational resources is

almost as old as the computer itself

Wiley (2006). A Learning Objects Literature Review (Draft)http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/277

history

Ted Nelson•beginning in the early 1960s•coined the term "hypertext“•Xanadu - developed the conceptual foundations of learning objects and modern content reuse•more connected to instructional design

Wiley (2006). A Learning Objects Literature Review (Draft)http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/277(Nelson, 1982; Nelson, 19XX) – image: http://afflictor.com/tag/ted-nelson/

history

Wayne Hodgins•emergence of the World Wide Web – 1990’s•coined the term "learning objects,"•from object-oriented programming (OOP)•computer science paradigm•LEGO analogy•closed objects

Wiley (2006). A Learning Objects Literature Review (Draft)http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/277 McGreal, R. (2004)Image: http://prodinpa-feditic.wikispaces.com/file/view/oda.gif/148240695/oda.gif

history

Richard Stallman•free software•GNU project•GPL license•freedom•free (negative to business)•free to open source•OP/L license

iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967 Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Opensource.svg/220px-Opensource.svg.png

history

David Wiley•learning objects•OER•Flat World Knowledge•Open High School of Utah•Open Education Conference

iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967 site: http://davidwiley.org/image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/BYU_Medallion_Logo.svg/200px-BYU_Medallion_Logo.svg.png

what is a learning object?

why learning objects?

"Learning objects make it unnecessary to have thousands ofiterations of the same teaching point.“

"I loved the learning objects idea because the “write once,use anywhere” idea had a lot of economic appeal"

McGreal (2004)

Wiley (2006)

Wiley (2006). A Learning Objects Literature Review (Draft)http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/277 McGreal, R. (2004)

learning object - definition

•dozens of definitions•confusing•broad to specific

Wiley (2006). A Learning Objects Literature Review (Draft)http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/277 image: http://www.beatmuseum.org/duchamp/images/fountain.jpg

“any entity, digital or non-digital, which can be used, re-used or referenced during technology supported learning...“ IEEE (2002)

http://flosse.blogging.fi/2005/12/12/urinal-as-a-learning-object/

definition

“any reusable digital resource that is encapsulated in a lesson or assemblage of lessons grouped in units, modules, courses, and even programmes”McGreal (2004)

McGreal (2004)

definition“things that contain digitally coded information readable by a computer“ (Sicilia et al., 2004)

"knowledge object" Merrill (1998)

"instructional object.” Gibbons, Nelson, and Richards (2002)

“units of learning” Koper (2003)

"sharable content objects“ ADL

"resources“ Downes (2004)

Wiley (2006). A Learning Objects Literature Review (Draft)http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/277 McGreal, R. (2004)

definition

evolving definition:

"any digital resource that can be reused to facilitate learning" Wiley (2000)

"any digital resource that can be reused to mediate learning" Wiley & Edwards (2003)

"any digital resource that can be freely adapted be reused to mediate learning" Wiley (2007)

iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967

death of the learning object

Wiley (2006). Blog. RIP-ping on Learning Objectshttp://opencontent.org/blog/archives/230Image: cc: by-ND-NC http://www.flickr.com/photos/linden_tea/2912003081/

“no one can agree about what a learning object is….and perhaps that very statement is all that needs to be made."

learning objects’ inability to live up to the incredible hype and investment they received to the fact that the premise of the possibility of simple reuse was simply wrong."

"The whole learning objects field of work turned into a giant software engineering exercise"

openness is the only future for learning objects

"any digital resource that can be freely adapted be reused to mediate learning" Wiley (2007)

iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967

what is anOpen Educational Resource

(OER)?

open learning objects=

Open Educational Resources(OER)

iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967

“open education is a growth out of the learning

objects movement”

iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967 site: http://davidwiley.org/

motivations for openness

Increased pedagogical flexibility / effectiveness

Make a difference / public good

Decrease suffering and violence in the world

iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967

motivations for openness

MIT OCW“let’s give it all away”

NGOs72M school age children don’t attend

school

UN millennium development goals2015-all children complete primary school

iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967

what is the “open” inOpen Educational Resource

(OER)?

what is openness in OER

the 4 R’s of openness

Reuse – copy verbatimRedistribute – share with othersRevise – derivatives (adapt and improve)Remix - Combinations

iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967

media issues

ALMS

Access to Editing ToolsLevel of ExpertiseMeaningful EditableSelf-Sourced

iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967

what size should OER be?how can they be used?

•Size = amount of context inside the OER•granularity•metadata

reusability paradox•Big OERs – teach well/hard to reuse

•Small OERs – Don’t teach well / easy to reuse

•Ideal – big OER + revise + remix

McGreal (2004)

iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967

reusability paradox

http://wikieducator.org/images/thumb/8/85/Reusability_paradox.svg/350px-Reusability_paradox.svg.png

what does this mean?

licensing

All 4 R’s are a matters of copyright

Reuse – copy verbatimRedistribute – share with othersRevise – derivatives (adapt and improve)Remix - Combinations

iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967

licensing

Open licensing = copyright (not reform)

Open licensing = hack of copyright

Open licensing = permissions

iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967

“some rights reserved”

“some permissions granted”

iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967images: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/

licensingCopyleft – re-license as same (can’t change license)

Three “layers” of Licenses

http://mirrors.creativecommons.org/blimg/cc-tw-license-compatibility-wizard.pnghttp://creativecommons.org/

Sustainability“The ongoing ability to meet your needs”

money & time – donated

How do you earn when you are giving things away?

iTunes – Introduction to Open Educationhttp://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/introduction-to-open-education/id301635967

Sustainabilitymodels

Endowment modelMembership model – consortium (members $)Donation model – WikipediaConversion model – free to payContributor pay – flickr proSponsorship model – public televisionInstitutional model – MITGovernment funding modelAdvertising – Google, YouTube

Stephen Downes (2008) http://www.slideshare.net/Downes/open-educational-resources-presentation

OER examples?