Lecture Slides: Lecture Introduction to Human Models

1Challenge the future

H-L-1:

Introduction of Human Models

Ir. Iemkje RuiterFaculty of Industrial Design Engineering

Delft University of Technology

Contents

Part I Introduction to human models

Part II:

Introduction

Human Systems

Using anthropometric model in design

Analysis

Modelling

Simulation

Senses of human beings

Evaluation

4 Cognitive model

Example of a human model

Courtesy of http://www.clker.com/clipart-family-unit.html

Example of a human model

Courtesy of http://www.clker.com/clipart-family-unit.html

What is a model of a human?

http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/BERGEN-Professional-Mini-Very-Low-Pressure-HVLP-Spray-Gun-BER8700-/321092569141

Product model

Based on information about the product

Human Model

Based on information about human

What kind of information?

When was the information collected?

Information of human

•Philosophy

•Physiology

•Anthropometry

•Psychology

•Sociology

•Anatomy

•Anthropology

•Ergonomics

Cognitive & Emotional

Physical

Model of the appearance of human

Types of information

Purpose

Example: Dolls

Purpose

Example: Mannequins

Purpose

Inside human: Human torso model

Courtesy: http://www.usahobby.com/science/anatomy.php/1

Purpose

Accuracy

Assembly

Three-year-old Child Nursing Manikin

Purpose: Operations of child care;

Airway administering;

Oral and nasal feeding

Holistic care;

Bathing and bandaging activity

Courtesy of http://www.medical-model.com/en/Product-1119.html

Virtual Reality Arthroscopic Simulator for practicing minimally invasive surgery

Courtesy of http://www.readingshoulderunit.com/new-developments/arthroscopy-simulator

Minimally Invasive Surgery Instruments

Human model

Monitor displays images inside the human model

Opening

Anatomical drawing

Courtesy of jboultondesign.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/davinci www.yvcc.edu/.../Documents/vesalius2web.jpg

Anatomical studies of the shoulderBy Leonardo da Vinci (ca 1510)

De humani corpris fabricaBy Andreas Vesalius (1543)

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes TulpRembrandt van Rijn (1631)

Mauritshuis museum, The Hague, the Netherlands

Feet and models of them

La Sportiva climb shoesAnthropometry & Biomechanics contribute to design

Courtesy of http://www.sportiva.com/

Biomechanics measure contribute to design

Prosthesis

Peter StuyvesantDutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland

Prosthesis design-Walking

Prosthesis design-Running

Aimee Mullins

Different purposes

Courtesy of www.kennethcole.com/

Human systems The nervous system

The musculoskeletal system

The circulatory system

The respiratory system

The gastrointestinal system

The integumentary system

The urinary system

The reproductive system

The immune system

The endocrine system

Human circulatory system

Ancient Model Current

Artificial heart valve design

Respiratory system

Studying respiratory system contribute to design

Studying respiratory system

Courtesy of www.elements4health.com/.../sleep-apnea-mask.jpg

Human Sense

Hearing

Human sense

Courtesy of http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm

Hearing

Smelling

Human sense

Sight & Design

Road sign design

Hearing

Smelling

Human sense

Courtesy of http://citylu.wordpress.com/2011/02/09/australian-cities-an-italian-perspective/

Sight & Design

Wake up lightSight

Hearing

Smelling

Human sense

Courtesy of http://www.techfresh.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/philips-wake-up-light.jpg

Hearing

Human sense

Hearing and Design

Hearing

Human sense

Hearing and Design

Hearing

Human sense

Cancel the noise

Quality Convenience

Hearing and Design

Hearing

Human sense

Human Sense

Hearing

Human sense

Human Sense

Hearing

Human sense

Human Sense

Hearing

Human sense

Touch sense & Design

Hearing

Human sense

Touch sense & Design

Hearing

Human sense

Human Sense

Hearing

Human sense

Smell & Design

Hearing

Human sense

Smell & Design

Hearing

Human sense

Smell & Design

Hearing

Human sense

Toward cognitive model: Using sensor in training

Cognitive model

A cognitive model is an approximation to animal cognitive processes (predominantly human) for the purposes of comprehension and prediction.

Courtesy of http://www.123rf.com/photo_12496301_abstract-cognitive-intelligence.html

A simple cognitive model

Courtesy of Developing a model of cognitive interaction for analytical inclusive design evaluation, Patrick Langdona, Umesh Persadb, P. John Clarksona

Cognitive model:Design for improving memory

Cognitive model & Design

Courtesy of http://m4.uxcell.com/i/11d/ux_a11120300ux0116_ux_g01.jpg

Cognitive model example:Cockpit design

The cockpit of Boeing 747-400 has 365 buttons/controls,The older version has 970 buttons

Innovation & cognition:Open the tin can from side

Cognitive model:Group model

Crowded: Basic fire escape planning

Courtesy of http://www.visualbuilding.co.uk/images/2D/fireescapeplan.jpg

Crowded: Supermarket floor planning (in Dutch)

Group: Eating within culture context

Part II

Using anthropometricmodel in design

The ideal model from Leonardo da Vinci

Le Corbusier's Le Modular Diagram

Utilizing graphic devices as a vector for understanding human proportion.

History of anthropometry

The starting point

Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874)Founder scientific anthropometry

Body-mass index(Quetelet index) Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet

Practices: Acquiring anthropometric data

The highest & the shortest men in the Netherlands

Anthropometry: from measurement to theory

Courtesy of Estimation of deep-abdominal-adipose-tissue (DAAT) accumulation from simple anthropometric measurements in Indian men and women, V Brundavani, SR Murthy and AV Kurpad

Dineddined.io.tudelft.nl

Four steps in using anthropometric data in design

Modeling

Evaluation

Modelling

AnalysisSimulation

AnalysisWhat kind of product are you designing?

Modeling

Evaluation

Modelling

AnalysisSimulation

Image of human

Replacing parts of human (prosthesis)

Adding to a human (orthesis)

Cognitive support (user interface)

Physical support (cabin, support, outfit, grip, tool…)

What do you need to know about:

The human being

Human‐product interaction

Analysis – The user

Gender Ethnic background …Age

What do you need to know about the product user?

Analysis: The interaction

What do you need to know about the user‐product interaction?

What does the user do with the product?

What does the product ask from the user?

What interaction is critical?

What are the comfort zones?

‐‐ ‐‐

Analysis: different design phases need different information

More specific information regarding the user

Embodiment

Analysis

Modelling

Modeling

Evaluation

Modelling

AnalysisSimulation

Anthropometric data:

static (dimensions rigid body)

dynamic (dimensions while moving)

For industrial production

From individual to groups

Human models

• Elderly

• Soldiers

• Adults

• Children

HumanModel

Measure‐ment

Human models

• Growth (changes over a period of time, group)

• Body dimensions (length, weight, etc.)

• Range of motion of the joints

• Shape of body(parts)

HumanModel

Measure‐ment

Human models

• Laser scanning

• Questionnaire

• Instruments

• Photogrammetry

HumanModel

Measure‐ment

Human models – how

Questionnaire

• Stature and weight only• ‘Lie’ to the (socially acceptable) mean value

Instrument used in measuringInstruments: Anthropometer

Callipers

Tape measure

Grip force dynamometer

3D scanning

3D laser scanning

Courtesy of http://ir-ltd.net/3d-bodyscans-soon-to-be-released/

Example: Size china project www.sizechina.com

How SizeChina can help your products fit the Chinese population

Example: Size china project www.sizechina.com

Preparation

Scanning

After processing

Example: Size China project www.sizechina.com

Result

Data presentation

3D Physical3D Physical 3D digital3D digital

TableTable

Tables

Dined: 2D data presentation

2D template

2D data correlations

3D physical

3D digital

3D Wireframe model

(ADAPS)

3D Solid Model(Jack)

Example: ADAPS

First model:

American pilot

Followed by:

Dutch man and woman

Dutch elderly (male and female)

Dutch children (0‐4 year old)

Example: ADAPS

Case study:ADAPS child models (0-4 years old)

Who have been measured?

How was the model made?

What has been measured? And how?

How What

Who have been measured?Who

KIMA pilot:

+/‐ 600 children in Zuid‐Holland

0 – 5.5 years old

KIMA : +/‐ 2200 children

representative sample of Dutch children

2 – 12 years old

What has been measured? What

How has it been measuredWhat

How was the model made?How

How many models?•relative vs. absolute growth•changes of proportions•determined by goal (safe areas)

Which dimensions usable?•Correlation with stature (arbitrairy >0,5)•Location (in formula)

HowHow many models?•0‐1 year old : 4 (0‐3, 3‐6, 6‐9 en 9‐12 months old)•1‐2 year old : 2 (12‐18 en 18‐24 months old)•2‐3 year old : 1 (24‐36 months old)•3‐4 year old : 1 (36‐48 months old)•4‐5 year old : 1 (48‐60 months old)

Which dimensions usable?•Reduction number of dimensions:

measured

usable

Pilot KIMA 0 – 12 months old 23 13

Pilot KIMA 12 – 24 months old 33 17

KIMA 2 – 5 years old 40 23

Modelling

Starting point: ADAPS model BOY4

Procedure

The model

Modelling

Procedure

The model

Give the stature of the model the value of the measured stature of the 4‐year‐old

Compare the dimensions of model and measured values

Adapt the model

Repeat this for P3 en P97

Reduce the differences between measured values and model dimensions to the smallest possible difference

Modelling

Procedure

The model

Modelling

Procedure

The model

Simulation

Fromanalysis:

Description of the user

User‐product interaction

Phase of the design process

From modeling:

What is important in selecting a representative model

Modeling

Evaluation

Modelling

AnalysisSimulation

Simulation steps

Select a model

(Adapt the selected model )

Translate user postures to model postures

Simulation

Simulation steps

Select a model

Simulation

Simulation steps

Select a model

Simulation

Simulation steps

Select a model

Simulation

Critical questions in simulation

Which user and product dimensions are important

What are the criteria for possible/comfortable use

What problems are to be expected

Which part of the users will have problems

Which part of the users is excluded from using the product

Case study: Mechanical medical bed

Triple parted semi-flexible bridging transfer flaps

Extendable head support

Height-adjustable undercarriage

Four polyurethane swivel castors with large diameter

Nylon slide sheet

Adjustable supportive surfaces

Complete symmetry and idealsizes based on anthropometrics

Velcro straps for fixation

Studying critical dimensions

Figure 71 Adjusting the top-surfaceFigure70 Adapting the carriage’s height Figure 72 Unfolding the flaps Figure 73 Slide sheet under evacuee

Figure 69 Human-product- interaction scenario of the concept

Critical dimensions of the patientComfort/Possible use

Critical dimensions of the care giver

• What problems are to be expected

• Which part of the users will have problems

• Which part of the users is excluded from using the product

Test in different scenario's1 2

Case study: Problem definition

The Usage scenarioThe machine

Case study: The design

Case study: preparation

ADAPS DHMGathering user data

Case study: simulation

Evaluation

Modeling

Evaluation

Modelling

AnalysisSimulation

Evaluate modeling as well as simulation process

What parts need attention?

Evaluation: Population Validity

Did you have relevant data from your target group?

• Who are the users (gender, age, ethnic background, etc.)

• What has been measured of this population

• What measurements have been used for the development of a model

• How have missing data been estimated

Mannequin

Population

Assessment

Levels of validity (Hoekstra)

Function

Predictive

Evaluation: Manikin Validity

Mannequin

Population

Assessment

Function

Predictive

What do you know about the model?

• How is it built?• What do you know about he dimensions ?• What do you know about the ranges of

motion?

In what way does the model represent the selected human characteristics?

Evaluation: Function Validity

What is the relation between standard anthropometric postures and model postures? • Is there information on the relation

between the standard anthropometric measuring postures and the functional postures?

• If not, how did you cope with it?

Mannequin

Population

Assessment

Function

Predictive

Evaluation: AssessmentValidity

Mannequin

Population

Assessment

Function

Predictive

What were the assumptions regarding:

• Creating the digital human model• Usage of the digital human

model(translation of human postures into model postures)

Evaluation: Predictive Validity

Mannequin

Population

Assessment

Function

Predictive

To what extend can you say something about the target group with the help of a digital human model

• What problems are to be expected?• When is human-product-interaction critical?• Which part of the users will have problems?• Which part of the users is excluded from product

use?• What influence do the assumptions in the modeling

and simulation process have on the assessment?

Thank You!

Ir. Iemkje RuiterFaculty of Industrial Design Engineering

Delft University of Technology

Lecture Slides: Lecture Introduction to Human Models

Education

Lecture slides

Lecture 4: Language Model Evaluation and Advanced methodskc2wc/teaching/NLP16/slides/04...This lecture vKneser-Ney smoothing vDiscriminative Language Models vNeural Language Models

Lecture Slides Week 8 Slides

Lecture Slides: Lecture Implementation

Lecture 5: Algorithmic models of human behaviorfrancqui/slides/Lect5_Econ_Boadilla.pdf · Lecture 5: Algorithmic models of human behavior ... Algorithmic models of human behavior

Lecture 3: Directed Graphical Models and Latent Variables ... › ~duvenaud › courses › csc... · Lecture 3: Directed Graphical Models and Latent Variables Based on slides by

Complex Networks: Models Lecture 2 Slides by Panayiotis TsaparasPanayiotis Tsaparas

Lecture Slides-Lecture 2

Lecture Slides: Lecture Thermodynamics

Lecture Slides: Lecture Evaluation

Lecture 13 - kuleshov.github.io › ... › assets › slides › lecture13.pdf · Volodymyr Kuleshov (Cornell Tech) Deep Generative Models Lecture 13 19/31. Kernel Inception Distance

Lecture Slides: Lecture Optimization

Lecture Slides-slides 42

Lecture 4 - Hidden Markov Models - Columbia …stanchen/spring16/e6870/slides/...Lecture 4 Hidden Markov Models Michael Picheny, Bhuvana Ramabhadran, Stanley F. Chen, Markus Nussbaum-Thom

Lecture Slides-slides 12

Lecture Slides: Lecture Mechanics

Probabilistic Graphical Models - Peoplepeople.csail.mit.edu/dsontag/courses/pgm12/slides/lecture4.pdf · Undirected graphical models Reminder of lecture 2 An alternative representation

Lecture 4 – Hidden Markov Models - ee.columbia.edustanchen/e6884/slides/lecture4.pdfELEN E6884 22 September 2005 © 2003 IBM Corporation Lecture 4 – Hidden Markov Models Sept 29,

Lecture 2 Camera Models - Stanford Universitycvgl.stanford.edu/.../lecture/lecture2_camera_models_note.pdfLecture 2 Camera Models ... Some slides in this lecture are courtesy to Profs

Lecture 4 – Models and Metaphors - Stanford HCI grouphci.stanford.edu/courses/cs147/2006/slides/04-models/cs147-models.pdfCS147 - Terry Winograd - 1 Lecture 4 – Models and Metaphors